02/01/2022ANAHEIM CITY COUNCIL
REGULAR AND REGULAR ADJOURNED MEETING
OF FEBRUARY 7, 2022
The regular meeting of February 1, 2022 was called to order at 3:00 P.M. and adjourned to 4:00 P.M.
for lack of a quorum. The regular adjourned meeting was called to order at 4:00 P.M. in the Council
Chamber of Anaheim City Hall, located at 200 S. Anaheim Boulevard. The meeting notice, agenda,
and related materials were duly posted on January 20, 2022.
MEMBERS PRESENT: Mayor Harry Sidhu and Council Members Trevor O'Neil, Jose Diaz,
Gloria Ma'ae, Avelino Valencia, and Stephen Faessel. Council Member
Jose F. Moreno joined the meeting during closed session.
STAFF PRESENT: City Manager Jim Vanderpool, City Attorney Robert Fabela, and City
Clerk Theresa Bass
ADDITIONS/DELETIONS TO CLOSED SESSION:
City Attorney Robert Fabela announced that Closed Session Item No. 01 pertained to potential
underpayment of Transient Occupancy Tax (TOT) by the Staybridge Hotel and Closed Session Item
No. 02 pertained to a recent challenge by the California Department of Housing and Community
Development to the stadium transaction.
BLIC COMMENTS ON CLOSED SESSION ITEMS: None
CLOSED SESSION: At 4:01 P.M., Mayor Sidhu recessed to closed session for consideration of the
following:
CONFERENCE WITH LEGAL COUNSEL — ANTICIPATED LITIGATION
Initiation of litigation pursuant to paragraph (4) of subdivision (d) of California
Government Code Section 54956.9: One potential case
2. CONFERENCE WITH LEGAL COUNSEL — ANTICIPATED LITIGATION
Significant exposure to litigation pursuant to paragraph (2) of subdivision (d) of
California Government Code Section 54956.9 and/or initiation of litigation pursuant to
paragraph (4) of subdivision (d) of California Government Code Section 54956.9: One
potential case
At 5:16 P.M., Mayor Sidhu reconvened the Anaheim City Council.
MEMBERS PRESENT: Mayor Harry Sidhu and Council Members Trevor O'Neil, Jose Diaz,
Gloria Ma'ae, Jose F. Moreno, Avelino Valencia, and Stephen Faessel
Invocation: Preacher Jimmy Gaston, State College Boulevard Church of Christ
Flag Salute: Council Member Avelino Valencia
City Council Minutes of February 1, 2022
Page 2 of 11
Presentation: Presentation by Orange County Family Justice Center Foundation
Adriana Moreno, Executive Director of the Orange County Family Justice Center (OCFJC)
Foundation, thanked the City for its long-term support of the OCFJC and its mission to provide direct
assistance to victims and impacted families due to domestic violence, abuse, and sexual assault. She
reported several of the OCFJC's partners worked remotely during the pandemic, presenting a
challenge in how to best deliver services. She advised the pandemic also reduced the OCFJC's
staffing capacity. She commended the City for approving the instrumental Community Coordinator
position and expressed gratitude to the City Council.
Ms. Moreno noted the OCFJC is one of over 130 Family Justice/Multi-Agency Centers across the
country using a co -located service model with 50-75 more in active development. She reported the
OCFJC works in alignment with the California Family Justice Center Network to advocate for victims,
work towards the prevention of such crimes, help implement California Penal Code 13750, and
mitigate the impact of high Adverse Childhood Experiences scores in children exposed to family
violence.
Ms. Moreno discussed the OCFJC Foundation's 2022 events focused on prevention, including its
July Motown event, an August back to school program, an adopt a family program slated for
December 14th, and ongoing empowerment and violence prevention programs. She noted the support
the Foundation has received in the past from the Anaheim community, including directly from Council
Members and City staff, for these popular and meaningful events. She invited the Council Members
to tour their Center.
Mayor Sidhu noted he was a part of the City Council when the OCFJC opened in 2006 and
applauded its work.
Council Member Faessel thanked Ms. Moreno, noting he and his wife have supported the OCFJC
from its early days. He commended the organization's work, noting the fact that it is often off the radar
is possibly for the best given the nature of its work.
Council Member Moreno reported immigrant families, including Anaheim's, have faced many
challenges over the past 10-12 years, particularly due to negative political rhetoric nationally. He
reported the Anaheim Police Department's (APD) Secure Communities Program worked in the past
to separate families and deport residents for committing very minor violations including speeding. He
stated the OCFJC helped communicate to the APD about how it was undermining the community's
trust in both reporting crime and APD officers. He commended Police Chief Jorge Cisneros for his
work in ending this erosion of trust through his work with and support of the OCFJC. He thanked Ms.
Moreno for her immigrant community advocacy work.
Acceptance of Other Recognitions (To be presented at a later date):
Recognizing February 2022, as Make Kindness Contagious Month
ADDITIONS/DELETIONS TO THE AGENDAS: None
PUBLIC COMMENTS (all agenda items):
City Clerk Theresa Bass reported that a total of two (2) public comments were received electronically
prior to 2:00 P.M. related to City Council agenda items and matters within the jurisdiction of the
City Council Minutes of February 1, 2022
Page 3 of 11
Anaheim City Council. [A final total of 2 public comments were received electronically, distributed to
the City Council, and made part of the official record]. — See Appendix.
Prior to receipt of public comments, an outline of rules for public comments and a brief decorum
statement was provided by Ms. Bass.
Mark Richard Daniels reported the Los Angeles Rams, formerly of Anaheim, have made the Super
Bowl in search of an elusive championship. He commended Council Member Moreno for his
comments about minorities and minor traffic violations going very badly. He stated every month
should be Make Kindness Contagious Month. He recognized the 165th anniversary of the Mother
Colony House, calling it a jewel of the City. He noted it is a very short agenda and called for the
addition of an officiai designation for Little Arabia to celebrate the City's diversity. He stated the City
needs to find a way out of its perpetual homeless situation and called for lobbying the United States
House of Representatives and Senate for needed assistance. He reported the fentanyl crisis is also
getting out of hand.
Robert Mirshafiee reported being able to receive a copy of his police report since he spoke to City
Council in December 2021 and it provided him evidence of a false report by the APD and Anaheim
Fire & Rescue (AF&R). He added the City's prosecutor stated it could not help him with the matter of
his assault at City Hall in September 2021 and had the Orange County Sherriff's Department remove
him from the public reception area. He stated it was traumatic and prevented him from conducting
other City Hall business. He reported taking a photo of the controversial thin blue line flag being
displayed at the APD headquarters on Harbor Boulevard and stated this display is against the virtue
of the United States flag.
Cecil Jordan Corkern stated they have to believe all that has happened with Disneyland since 1955.
He reported meeting Walt Disney while he was working at Kohl's department store but Mr. Disney
was fired because he was frightening people. He called for a meeting with Walt Disney Company
officials to discuss his reports and those of Art Linkletter. He stated there is a dark side of Disney
stemming from events involving sexual contact on rides at Walt Disney World. He encouraged the
Council Members to get copies of "The Dark Side of Disney" and "The House that Mouse Built" to
better understand the history of Mr. Disney and his namesake company. He requested financial
support from the Council.
Vance Dizney spoke of the creation of the calendar, the Great Pyramids of Egypt, and the
mammocratic oath recognizing women as being built by God to nurture people so only women can be
doctors. He stated this is why Cleopatra's calendar is better than the Roman one we use today. He
told the tale of the Romans refocusing the Egyptian calendar to the Year 0 and discussed the lives of
multiple Roman Emperors. He advised an adjustable center wall on the City's freeways was needed
and wished everyone a happy New Year.
Ameila Castro advised critics of the Angel Stadium deal overlooked the benefits of keeping the Los
Angeles Angels baseball team in the City until 2050. She commended the deal for its civic benefits,
including taking the City out of the stadium -ownership business and its associated costs. She added
that the cost of building a new stadium would be at the expense of SRB Management. She noted the
team creates thousands of jobs and activates an economic engine. She noted how well the planned
development would align with the area around the Honda Center while generating millions of dollars
in tax revenue. She stated it is unfortunate the City is being sued over this agreement and reported
the community wants it to succeed.
City Council Minutes of February 1, 2022
Page 4 of 11
Bryan Kaye reported Council Members have claimed to celebrate Black History Month and Holocaust
Remembrance while also dedicating an earlier portion of the meeting to discuss victims of violence,
including caregivers. He stated APD officers are caregivers but receive no assistance. He reported
being called racial slurs by the APD with no call for an apology from the City Council. He stated the
Police Review Board simply follows the Council's orders. He spoke of his relatives' leadership roles
for Poland during World War II fighting against hate. He believed Council Members do not have
enough courage to deny his statements and should not use the tragedy of the Holocaust to aid their
political agendas.
Ross McCune, Anaheim Chamber of Commerce Chairman, stated its mission to promote business,
economic vitality, and support neighborhoods. He stated the sale of Angel Stadium would accomplish
these goals. He noted the charitable donations and economic vitality brought to the City by the Los
Angeles Angels since their 1966 relocation to Anaheim. He stated this economic engine needs to be
protected, noting many other cities would build a stadium for the team, citing the recently built SoFi
Stadium in the City of Los Angeles. He stated all deals have challenges and this one needs to be
resolved as a community team effort as opposed to lawsuits where the whole community suffers. He
encouraged the City to stop bickering and work to keep the Angels in Anaheim.
Kenneth Batiste stated the Angel Stadium deal was a bad one and its supporters are gaslighting
residents. He stated the current deal with the Angels is also a bad one, noting how much more
revenue the team made than the City. He stated people who work for the Angels are protesting
looking for better jobs and wages. He stated the City is $1.5 billion in debt because it has been giving
money to millionaires to help make them billionaires. He disagreed with Mayor Sidhu's lead
negotiating role, noting he won the election by only 400 votes. He cited several cities around the
State remaining in the stadium business because they make money and believed City Council only
thought about money, not people.
CITY MANAGER'S UPDATE:
City Manager Jim Vanderpool highlighted the return of the Anaheim Magazine to residents' and
business' mailboxes, with the issue including a new, improved, and modernized look and including
information on the City's response to the pandemic, its bright future, the 42nd annual Black History
Parade on Saturday, and progress in west Anaheim. A digital version is available online at
www.anaheim.net/magazine.
He also noted the installation of a new video server to enhance and improve the delivery of video
content, including City Council meetings, to Anaheim's cable channel and noted the City will continue
to refine lighting and other areas to assist with the delivery of videos, even with certain limitations of
standard definition display. He announced the communications team would be working on a website
hosting live video feeds and videos on demand to increase public access to content.
Mr. Vanderpool announced that the City continues to encourage the Anaheim community to be part
of the redistricting process, noting at a public hearing held on January 25, the City Council identified
four focus maps and directed the City's demographer to create revised maps based on comments
made by the City Council and the public. All maps can be found on the City's redistricting website,
Anaheim Red istricting.org. He announced that the City Council would hold its fifth public hearing on
March 1, 2022 at 6:30pm in the Anaheim City Council Chamber when the City Council will discuss the
final presentation of maps, review public comments, and select a final map for adoption. He stated
the Anaheim community is encouraged to review and share their feedback on the focus maps by
Friday, February 18, 2022 to be included as part of the material presented at the March 1, 2022
public hearing. Written comments can be submitted to Redistricting@anaheim.net.
City Council Minutes of February 1, 2022
Page 5 of 11
On behalf of the Community Services Department, Mr. Vanderpool announced the 6tn Annual
Anaheim Reads Kick-off event would be on February 12 at 2:00 P.M. with a festive Tet Vietnamese
New Year celebration with a live performance by the Thien An Lion Dance Troupe at the Central
Library and free copies of the featured book, in addition to cultural displays. The program will run from
February 12 to March 12 and is funded by grants and local support groups.
CONSENT CALENDAR: At 6:02 P.M, the consent calendar was considered with Mayor Sidhu
pulling Item No. 02 and Mayor Pro Tern O'Neil pulling Item No. 03 for separate discussion and
consideration. MOTION: Council Member Diaz moved to waive reading of all ordinances and
resolutions and adopt the balance of the consent calendar, in accordance with reports, certifications,
and recommendations furnished each City Council Member and as listed on the consent calendar,
seconded by Council Member Ma'ae. ROLL CALL VOTE: AYES — 7 (Mayor Sidhu and Council
Members O'Neil, Diaz, Ma'ae, Moreno, Valencia, and Faessel); NOES — 0. Motion carried.
D116 1. Approve a proclamation recognizing the 165th Anniversary of the Mother Colony House.
M142 4. ORDINANCE NO. 6525 (ADOPTION) AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY COUNCIL OF THE
CITY OF ANAHEIM amending Chapter 1.04 of Title 1 of the Anaheim Municipal Code relating
to departments of the city (modifying the Community and Economic Development Department
name to Housing and Community Development Department) (introduced at the City Council
meeting of January 25, 2022, Item No. 16).
D114 5. Approve minutes of the City Council meeting of June 22, 2021
END OF CONSENT CALENDAR:
D175 2. Authorize the Director of Public Works, or designee, to accept and manage the awarded
Orange County Transportation Authority Environmental Cleanup Program 2021 Tier 1
Measure M2 (OC Go) grant totaling $500,000 for the installation of connector pipe screens in
storm drain catch basins throughout the City, determine that the Catch Basin Screen
Installation Project — 2021 is categorically exempt from further environmental review under the
California Environmental Quality Act pursuant to Class 1, Section 15301 (Existing Facilities) of
Title 14 of the California Code of Regulations, and amend the Department of Public Works
Fiscal Year 2021/22 budget by $500,000.
DISCUSSION: Mayor Sidhu stated he pulled Item No. 02 as the Anaheim representative to the
Orange County Transit Authority (OCTA) Board. He stated OCTA is mostly known for buses,
Measure M, and street work, but this partnership would work to help prevent waste and trash from
reaching the Pacific Ocean. He commended the City's street sweeping work in helping with
preventing harm to the coastline and marine life. He added this agreement with OCTA would add
screens to the storm water catch basin under Anaheim's streets and the pipes carrying the water
away, helping create another line of defense. He expressed his pride in being part of this grant and
requested support from the Council Members.
MOTION: Mayor Sidhu moved to authorize the Director of Public Works, or designee, to accept and
manage the awarded Orange County Transportation Authority Environmental Cleanup Program 2021
Tier 1 Measure M2 (OC Go) grant totaling $500,000 for the installation of connector pipe screens in
storm drain catch basins throughout the City, determine that the Catch Basin Screen Installation
Project — 2021 is categorically exempt from further environmental review under the California
City Council Minutes of February 1, 2022
Page 6 of 11
Environmental Quality Act pursuant to Class 1, Section 15301 (Existing Facilities) of Title 14 of the
California Code of Regulations, and amend the Department of Public Works Fiscal Year 2021/22
budget by $500,000, seconded by Council Member Faessel. ROLL CALL VOTE: AYES — 7 (Mayor
Sidhu and Council Members O'Neil, Diaz, Ma'ae, Moreno, Valencia, and Faessel); NOES — 0. Motion
carried.
M142 3. ORDINANCE NO. 6526 (INTRODUCTION) AN ORDINANCE OF THE CITY OF ANAHEIM
C280 amending Chapters 18.04 (Single -Family Residential Zones); 18.06 (Multiple -Family
Residential Zones); 18.08 (Commercial Zones); 18.10 (Industrial Zones); 18.14 (Public and
Special -Purpose Zones); 18.36 (Types of Uses); 18.38 (Supplemental Use Regulations);
18.40 (General Development Standards); 18.42 (Parking and Loading); 18.46 (Landscaping
and Screening), 18.62 (Adninistrative Reviews); 18.92 (Definitions); 18.110 (East Center
Street Development Specific Plan (SP 90-2) Zoning and Development Standards) of Title 18
(Zoning) of the Anaheim Municipal Code; and finding and determining that this ordinance is
exempt from the requirements to prepare additional environmental documentation per
California Environmental Quality Act (CEQA) guidelines, Section 15061(b)(3) because it will
not have a significant effect on the environment (Zoning Code Amendment No. 2021-00179)
(Adjustment No. 3 to the East Center Street Development Specific Plan No. 90-2 (SP 90-2)
(SPN90-2c)) (DEV2021-00138) (Code Streamlining and Improvement Program).
DISCUSSION: Mayor Pro Tern O'Neil thanked City staff for looking at ways to reduce regulatory
burdens on new and existing businesses, noting he is a business owner. He stated this item grew
from the Ad Hoc Committee he chaired to look at pandemic -related regulatory relief measures for
small businesses. He thanked his committee colleagues and added they would meet again prior to
the July expiration of other Executive Orders to consider further Municipal Code amendments. He
stated this was a win for Anaheim businesses.
MOTION: Mayor Pro Tem O'Neil moved to introduce ORDINANCE NO. 6526 AN ORDINANCE
OF THE CITY OF ANAHEIM amending Chapters 18.04 (Single -Family Residential Zones); 18.06
(Multiple -Family Residential Zones); 18.08 (Commercial Zones); 18.10 (Industrial Zones); 18.14
(Public and Special -Purpose Zones); 18.36 (Types of Uses); 18.38 (Supplemental Use Regulations);
18.40 (General Development Standards); 18.42 (Parking and Loading); 18.46 (Landscaping and
Screening); 18.62 (Administrative Reviews); 18.92 (Definitions); 18.110 (East Center Street
Development Specific Plan (SP 90-2) Zoning and Development Standards) of Title 18 (Zoning) of the
Anaheim Municipal Code; and finding and determining that this ordinance is exempt from the
requirements to prepare additional environmental documentation per California Environmental Quality
Act (CEQA) guidelines, Section 15061(b)(3) because it will not have a significant effect on the
environment (Zoning Code Amendment No. 2021-00179) (Adjustment No. 3 to the East Center Street
Development Specific Plan No. 90-2 (SP 90-2) (SPN90-2c)) (DEV2021-00138) (Code Streamlining
and Improvement Program), seconded by Council Member Ma'ae. ROLL CALL VOTE: AYES — 7
(Mayor Sidhu and Council Members O'Neil, Diaz, Ma'ae, Moreno, Valencia, and Faessel); NOES — 0.
Motion carried; ordinance introduced.
D175 6. Receive a presentation on the Anaheim Resort Mobility Study (informational item).
Mayor Sidhu stated the Anaheim Resort Mobility Study (Study) is a high-level look at how workers,
residents, and visitors get around in the Anaheim Resort. He reported the Study looked at
transportation, signs, environmental improvements, and other items. He added it has gone through
public meetings and considered input from stakeholders. He added this Study would provide flexibility
as technology and transportation options continue to evolve.
City Council Minutes of February 1, 2022
Page 7 of 11
Traffic Engineer Rafael Cobian reported the multi -year Study was funded by a Sustainable
Transportation Planning Grant provided by the California Department of Transportation (Caltrans) and
Anaheim Tourism Improvement District (ATID) Transportation funds. He added input for the Study
was sought from City staff and partner agencies. He added nationally recognized transportation
consultants Fehr & Peers were selected to lead the team. He noted the Study would lead the City but
not be adopted or mandated by the City Council. He added any options identified would be subject to
further study, funding options, and approval by City Council and others.
Mr. Cobian reported the Study's vision is to ensure the transportation infrastructure in the Anaheim
Resort area keeps up with new and changing trends. He added the Study looks into the future of the
Resort area. He noted the Resort area attracts over 25,000,000 visitors annually and includes the
largest convention center on the west coast. He added it is bisected by Harbor Boulevard, the busiest
north -south transit corridor in Orange County, and traversed by three of Anaheim's busiest streets of
Harbor Boulevard, Ball Road, and Katella Avenue. He noted it is served by the four (4) major
freeways of Interstate 5 and State Routes 91, 57, and 22. He added there is more than $1.5 billion in
recent or planned development in and around the Resort.
Mr. Cobian reported much has changed since the area was last planned 20 years ago and it is safe
to assume a comparable amount of change would occur over the next 20-30 years. He stated dozens
of mobility options and factors were studied. He noted it was fortunate public outreach for the Study
began in July 2019 before the pandemic and detailed the outreach, including pedestrian and
vehicular data collection. He added the Study was also presented to the Anaheim Transportation
Network Board of Directors on January 26, 2022. He added the pandemic affected the initial timeline
for the Study but Caltrans extended the deadline to February 2022.
Mr. Cobian reported the goals for pedestrians were to create a high -quality environment, reduce
vehicular conflicts, and increase sidewalk capacity. He stated this led to strategies of pedestrian
bridges, sidewalk improvements, crosswalk enhancements, and pedestrian wayfinding. He added
options were created for each strategy, citing potential pedestrian bridges at the intersection of
Disney Way and Katella Avenue, and potential sidewalk widenings along Katella Boulevard. He
added work is underway to install safety bollards on Harbor Boulevard and widen pedestrian ramps.
He reported one of the biggest advantages of pedestrian bridges is eliminating the conflicts between
pedestrians and right -turning vehicles, along with removing delays for both pedestrians waiting for
signal changes and vehicles stopped for crossing pedestrians.
Mr. Cobian reported the goals for mass transit are to have it at a high caliber, reduce its impact on
traffic, enhance the usage of the Anaheim Regional Transportation Intermodal Center (ARTIC), and
attempt to get more visitors to use mass transit. He noted mass transit strategies require significant
coordination and investment. He stated they did not get specific with routing options because they
extend beyond the Resort area but acknowledged a need to connect the Resort area with the
Platinum Triangle, primarily along Katella Avenue.
Mr. Cobian reported for roadways and parking the goals included reducing congestion and
redistributing traffic flows. He added input from the public called for easier access from freeways,
cited issues with passenger loading from ridesharing companies like Uber and Lyft, noted
neighborhood parking issues, and called for having dynamic signage to redistribute traffic during
major events.
Mr. Cobian reported there was a bicycle audit with community members and a group of City
employees resulting in goals of improving bicycle access, lower -stress options by avoiding major
streets, and integrating with other improvements. He added there is a general lack of bicycle parking
City Council Minutes of February 1, 2022
Page 8 of 11
in the Resort area. He displayed a map of potential bicycle paths and bridges based on the City's
Bicycle Master Plan and possible locations for bicycle parking.
Mr. Cobian reported on an extensive chart showing how long and at what cost it may be to implement
any of the projects suggested in the Study. He added all items would require further individual study
for implementation.
DISCUSSION: Mayor Sidhu commended the comprehensive Study as a starting point to best
accommodate future growth in the Resort area.
Council Member Faessel expressed his appreciation for the Study not requiring any specific modes at
this point. He lauded the .work of Mr. Cobian and Principal Planner Linda Johnson on this Study and
in general.
Council Member Valencia stated his pleasure at seeing this Study as the District 4 representative to
the Council. He added transportation is ever evolving and the City has to stay ahead of the times as
much as possible.
Council Member Diaz commended staff on such an extensive Study. He stated this would be needed
before big decisions are made in the future. He noted how the City of Las Vegas, Nevada had to
make rushed modifications 25 years ago due to paralyzing traffic situations, costing much more
money than if its crippling traffic had been previously studied and anticipated.
Council Member Moreno concurred with his colleagues in commending the Study. He stated the more
data from impacted businesses and residents the better.
In response to Council Member Moreno's inquiries, Mr. Cobian stated there is an extensive appendix
detailing all of the public outreach efforts. He added the online survey reached the most people. He
confirmed summaries of the public's input are in the appendix and were then manifested into the
proposed goals and strategies.
In response to Council Member Moreno's inquiry, Mr. Cobian stated it would be challenging to
quantify the visitor vehicular traffic, especially with so many tourists arriving at the Resort area by car
and utilizing Anaheim Transportation Network (ATN) buses from there. He added shifting the modes
of transportation would be key to eliminating greenhouse gas emissions.
Council Member Moreno requested more information on vehicles coming to the area, citing concerns
about parking both at the Resort and spilling over into neighborhoods. He added emphasizing ARTIC
means they may need more parking near the station.
In response to Council Member Moreno's inquiries, Mr. Cobian clarified the purpose of the Study was
to identify the need for an east -west connection. He noted transit is evolving, citing the rise of Uber
and Lyft as examples. He added they did not identify specific modes of transportation in the Study
because it would be another study on its own to find the best method of service. He added one
potential pitfall with a streetcar is it is fixed and perhaps something more dynamic would work better
based on future trends.
In response to Council Member Moreno's inquiries, Director of Public Works Rudy Emami stated staff
is working with ATN as it looks to expand, and added parking studies need to be a part of it. He noted
technology is changing at lightning speed and the City is attempting to keep up with it. He added the
City needs a flexible system capable of moving large crowds around major events and then being
City Council Minutes of February 1, 2022
Page 9 of 11
completely different the next day. He added specific modes of transit would be part of future studies
but this is just a toolbox of things to consider.
Council Member Moreno commended how the staff is staying flexible in its future visions. He
requested not allowing powered scooters, stating they are a mess in other major cities. He
commended ATN on its creation of a green fleet of buses.
Council Member Valencia agreed with Council Member Moreno's call to not allow motorized scooters.
Informational item- No action taken.
D116 7. Update on the City's response to COVID-19.
Mayor Sidhu reported the City and Country are both seeing a drastic decline in new COVID-19 cases
from the Omicron variant wave. He stated the City has peaked, following the same pattern seen
worldwide, but noted COVID-19 remains within the City. He encouraged residents to follow best
safety practices and get vaccinated.
Mayor Sidhu stated each Council Member now has test kits to distribute to those in need in their
districts and reported his kits will go to Veterans of Foreign Wars (VFW) Post 3173 on Sycamore
Street and Access California in west Anaheim, along with N-95 masks.
Chief Communications Officer Mike Lyster stated the report is encouraging with weekly cases in
Orange County dipping to 19,720 after three (3) consecutive weeks over 43,000, including an
unprecedented level of 52,428 on January 18, 2022. He reported this declining trend is playing out
globally. He noted the County's case rate, positivity rate, and health equity rate all remain high but
are all declining significantly. He reported the County's fully vaccinated rate is 74%. He noted
unofficial data show this trend is continuing beyond when the latest statistics were compiled 10 days
ago. He showed how the City's trends mirror the County's with high levels although ones substantially
declining.
Mr. Lyster reported January saw the City set a record for performing 36,035 tests at its six (6) sites,
up 58% from December 2021, with 17,576 of the tests being administered at City Hall. He added the
Anaheim Hotel is now the second-largest site, administering 8,725 tests in January. He reported 822
vaccinations were provided at the City's three (3) sites but added this is a decline from 1,654 in
December 2021. He added the 822 shots include boosters.
Mr. Lyster reported in December 2021 staff looked at the possibility of opening another testing site
but data has shown their decision was correct, as six (6) sites were able to get the City through the
Omicron variant surge. He added the City received 4,000 rapid tests on January 19, 2022, distributing
1,800 to family resource, community, and senior centers, 1,400 to Council Members to address
needs in their districts, and retaining 800 by City staff for potential future needs.
Mr. Lyster reported free rapid tests are being made available through the United States Postal
Service. He added the federal government has made it mandatory for medical insurers to reimburse
the purchase of up to four (4) rapid tests per month. He reported the proposed vaccine mandate for
large employers has been withdrawn by the Presidential administration following a Supreme Court
ruling limiting its ability to implement the regulation.
Mr. Lyster reported the focus of medical research now is on the Omicron BA.2 variant but added
there is no current impact on cases.
City Council Minutes of February 1, 2022
Page 10 of 11
Mr. Lyster stated staff's guidance is a cautious but gradual return to "pandemic normal." He added
community spread is high but the trends are encouraging. He reported staff recommends residents
prioritize attendance at large gatherings, such as placing a family event over a nightclub. He
encouraged residents to get vaccinated and/or a booster shot, noting the lowest case rates fall
among those who are vaccinated with a booster shot. He encouraged residents to continue to wear
masks as required or needed, utilize testing, and follow best safety practices.
DISCUSSION: Council Member Valencia highlighted the vaccine clinic and testing facility at the
Anaheim Hotel. He reported being approached in November 2021 about increasing the City's
presence in the Resort area and added it has been encouraging seeing this collaborative effort come
together for workers, visitors, and surrounding residents.
Council Member Faessel reported he has contacted his neighborhood volunteers and reported he
would be bringing his allotment of testing kits throughout the District 5 community attached to food
drives. He directed Mr. Lyster to get them out soon because they have a six-month shelf life.
Council Member Moreno reported he is working on the best way to get the test kits out into
communities that have not been touched as regularly by the City's previous efforts.
In response to Council Member Moreno's inquiry, Mr. Lyster reported the City has been regularly
testing students from Anaheim schools at the City's testing sites. He added Anaheim's school districts
regularly recommend students go to the City's sites. He added there are cases everywhere, including
schools, but the City has helped schools by making testing easier.
Informational item - No action taken.
REPORT ON CLOSED SESSION ACTIONS: None
PUBLIC COMMENTS (non -agenda items: None
COUNCIL COMMUNICATIONS/AGENDA REQUESTS:
Council Member Valencia reported he met with a coalition of District 4 residents and businesses to
discuss a few challenges impacting the community, especially around the Resort, expressed his
gratitude to all who participated, noted his commitment to working toward resolving the challenges,
and requested a meeting with the City Manager and Police Chief to discuss the issues. He reported
his attendance at the Center of Hope groundbreaking yesterday, noting the facility will play vital role
in addressing homelessness in the region, wished his mom a Happy Birthday, wished all a Happy
Lunar New Year, and hoped for a good Super Bowl game.
Council Member Faessel requested the meeting adjourn in memory of Francis Thang Cao, father of
St. Anthony Claret Church pastor Father Bill Cao. He reported his attendance at the Salvation Army's
Center of Hope groundbreaking and acknowledged the Samueli family for donating $1,000,000 to the
facility. He thanked staff for neighborhood improvements in the East Almont/State College
neighborhood, wished all a Happy Lunar New Year in Vietnamese, and announced the annual Black
History Parade at 10:00 A.M. on Saturday.
Mayor Pro Tern O'Neil wished everyone a Happy Lunar New Year in Mandarin.
City Council Minutes of February 1, 2022
Page 11 of 11
Council Member Ma'ae wished everyone a Happy Lunar New Year and stated the Year of the Tiger
stood for new beginnings. She announced a partnership with Love Anaheim on Thursday at their
pantry to distribute at-home COVID tests and masks. She reported her attendance, with Council
Member Faessel, at the Miss Anaheim competition and noted the accomplishments of the
participants; and announced the upcoming Black History Parade.
Council Member Diaz displayed photos and thanked the Knott Avenue Christian Church for their
drive-thru food distribution where his office partnered to distribute at-home COVID tests and masks.
He commended the Salvation Army for the groundbreaking of the Center of Hope to help address
homelessness and looked forward to the grand opening. He announced the District 1 and District 2
Neighborhood Community Services meeting on Zoom on Wednesday, February 9 at 7:00 P.M. and
wished everyone a Happy Lunar New Year.
Council Member Moreno acknowledged the groundbreaking of the Center of Hope, expressed his
gratitude and congratulations, and noted he could not attend due to work conflicts. He thanked Public
Utilities its communications, for updating water infrastructure on Indiana Street, and for partnering
with Public Works on infrastructure on North Street. He reported on a meeting of the District 3 youth
advisory group and looked forward to their contributions regarding bike lanes, traffic safety, and a
youth assessment survey. He addressed a City Facebook post and press release regarding existing
litigation pertaining to Angel Stadium and stood by his statements regarding changing from a lease to
a sale of the property. He requested the City Attorney provide a legal memo about the process for a
Council Member or staff to report alleged violations observed during Closed Session as well as
regarding the reporting out of actions made during Closed Session. Council Member Moreno shared
his allegiance to serving the public honestly and transparently. He requested the City Attorney
agendize Closed Session items with identification of the topics of each matter and report out at each
meeting on any direction provided. In response, City Attorney Robert Fabela stated the City would
continue to abide by the Brown Act in regards to agendizing and reporting out on Closed Session
items, including statutory language.
Mayor Sidhu addressed Council Member Moreno's comments, declaration, and previous statements
about the stadium transaction, as well as his actions on a deal with the Anaheim Ducks in 2018. He
noted the recent City court filings set the record straight and validate that the process followed the
law. He thanked the Salvation Army for their dedicated efforts in Anaheim and congratulated them on
the groundbreaking for the Center of Hope, which will provide shelter beds, permanent supportive
housing, wraparound services, and a pathway out of homelessness. He wished all a Happy Lunar
New Year, announced the Black History Parade on Saturday, February 5, and encouraged everyone
to continue efforts to fight COVID.
ADJOURNMENT:
At 7:14 P.M., with no further business before the Council, Mayor Sidhu adjourned the City Council
meeting in memory of Francis Thang Cao.
7eresa
bmitted,
Bas , CIVIC
City Clerk
PublicComment
From:Youth-on-the-Move, Inc. <p_adelekan+yahoo.com@ccsend.com>
Sent:Saturday, January 29, 2022
To:Public Comment
Subject:\[EXTERNAL\] Youth-on-the-Move, Inc. RAFFLE - support us!!!
Warning: This email originated from outside the City of Anaheim. Do not click links or open
attachments unless you recognize the sender and are expecting the message.
NEEP NEWSLETTER
YOUTH-ON-THE-MOVE, INC.
1
New Era Education Program (NEEP) and Consultant Agency
January 29, 2022, 714-628-9844 youthonthemove.net
DearMembersandFriends,
Wewantyoutoknowthatwearenowstartingour95thWeekoftheNewEraEducationProgram (NEEP) – an
educationprogramtosupplementthe “stay-at-home” Lessons. Wehavehadnobreaksinweeklylessonssincewe
startedinApril2020.
Ourgoalistokeepschool-agedyouthscreativelyengagedandlearningatwhateverleveltheyareintheir
education. Weworkwiththeschoolcurricula, andvariouscreativeapproachesandstrategies. Ouryouthareexcited
anddoingexceedinglywell.
HerewithareafewofthewritingsofsomeofourstudentsfromCaliforniatoOhioandevenGuatemala; wewelcome
othersandtheirparentsandguardianstosignupandbeapartofNEEP -- to keeplearningandreading.
Pleasefeelfreetocallusifyouwouldlikeyouthsages4-30tojoin. 714-628-9844. ParentsandGuardiansmustalso
participate, learnandsupportouryouths. Thankyou. youthonthemove.net.
2
3
Register Now
Other Events and News
4
Learn About Our Programs
Contact Us
Youth on the Move
International Educators
Hall of Fame
Join Us: Youth on The Move
Dr. Patricia Adelekan, Retired Educator,
Founder, CEO; 714-628-9844;
Email:Donate Now
International Educators' Hall ofFame | 1850E. 17thStreet, Room103, SantaAna, CA 92705
Unsubscribepubliccomment@anaheim.net
UpdateProfile | AboutConstantContact
Sentby
5
PublicComment
From:Theresa Bass
Sent:Monday, January 31, 2022 12:29 PM
To:Public Comment
Subject:FW: \[EXTERNAL\] Press Release: Youth Suicide Prevention Local Educational Agencies
Lack the Resources and Policies Necessary to Effectively Address Rising Rates of Youth
Suicide and Self-Harm September 2020 REPORT
Attachments:As directed by the Joint Legislative Audit Committee, my office conducted anaudit of
suicide prevention efforts 2019-125.pdf
From: craig a. durfey <
Sent: Sunday, January 30, 2022 4:36 PM
To: CADURFEY@GMAIL.ABC7 General Release <pr@abc7.com>; TIPS@nbcuni.com; CBS 2
Kcalkcbsdesk@cbs.com>; KTLA 5News <ktla@ktla.com>; fourthdistrictpta@sbcglobal.
FOX11NEWS@FOXTV.COM"' <fox11news@foxtv.com>; FourthDistrict@bos.lacounty.gov; 'COB_Response'
response@ocgov.com>; ocbe@ocde.us; OCMentalHealthBoard@ochca.com; MHSOAC@mhsoac.ca.gov;
assemblymember.odonnell@assembly.ca.gov; '"Cc:"' <SENATOR.BATES@senate.ca.gov>;
SENATOR.PAN@SENATE.CA.GOV"' <SENATOR.PAN@senate.ca.gov>; Assemblymember.Davies@assembly.ca.gov;
Assemblymember.Nguyen@assembly.ca.gov; assemblymember.quirk-silva@assembly.ca.gov;
Christopher.Aguilera@asm.ca.gov; info@ggea.org; info@capta.org; info@namica.org; INFO@NAMIOC.ORG;
info@mfpinstitute.com; '"RANDYBLACK@OCFA.ORG"' <RANDYBLACK@ocfa.org>
Cc: SENATOR.GONZALEZ@senate.ca.gov; Emily.Humpal@asm.ca.gov; preston.romero@asm.ca.gov;
press@learningpolicyinstitute.org; senator.hertzberg@senate.ca.gov; '"SENATOR.PORTANTINO@SENATE.CA.GOV"'
SENATOR.PORTANTINO@senate.ca.gov>; '"SENATOR.WIENER@SENATE.CA.GOV"'
SENATOR.WIENER@senate.ca.gov>; Robles_Beatrice@lacoe.edu; Perez_Monte@lacoe.edu; Chan_Yvonne@lacoe.edu;
Dutton_RMichael@lacoe.edu; Perez_Monte@lacoe.edu; Johnson_Stanley@lacoe.edu; DIANA.LARA@sen.ca.gov;
Mayor@longbeach.gov; Theresa Bass <TBass@anaheim.net>; cm@cityofirvine.org; PublicComment@sdcounty.ca.gov;
Public Records Request' <cityclerk@ggcity.org>; 'Teresa Pomeroy' <teresap@ggcity.org>; Terra.Lawson-
Remer@sdcounty.ca.gov; Cross_James@lacoe.edu; Abdo_Judy@lacoe.edu
Subject: \[EXTERNAL\] Press Release: Youth Suicide Prevention Local Educational Agencies Lack the Resources and Policies
Necessary toEffectively Address Rising Rates ofYouth Suicide and Self-Harm September 2020 REPORT
Warning: This email originated from outside the City of Anaheim. Do not click links or open
attachments unless you recognize the sender and are expecting the message.
01-30-2022
Press Release
P.R.D.D.C.)
PARENTS FORTHE RIGHTSOFDEVELOPMENTALLY DISABLED CHILDREN
1
CRAIGA. DURFEYFOUNDER OFP.R.D.D.C.
GARDEN GROVE, CA92842
CELL
SOCIALEMOTIONALPAWS.COM
FACEBOOK: CRAIGDURFEY
U.S. HOUSE OFCONGRESS H2404 - HONORING CRAIGDURFEY FOR HISFIGHT AGAINSTAUTISM
Ms. LORETTA SANCHEZ ofCalifornia.
https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CREC-2003-03-27/pdf/CREC-2003-03-27.pdf
new website socialemotionalpaws.org
To Whom it May Concern.
The press release was released 01-29-2022 now can be seen from this document
above PDF from the CA State Audit as a warning after all the CA State laws with
Mandates this report supports my Audit in Orange County CA that still in 2021-
2022 with CA State AB 2246 year signed was 2016 for 7to 12 grade to begin in the
year 2017-2018 has not gain real tannable ground in preventing suicides with CA
State AB 1776 signed in Oct 2019 for grades 1-6.
That the root cause can be contributed to is the of lack training medical
standards prevention of understanding about screentime with blue light causing
myopia, light focuses in front of the retina (the light-sensitive tissue at the back
of the eye) rather than on the retina.
Children who spend seven hours or more on smartphones and tablets | Daily Mail
Online The £236 million project shows early signs of damage screen time can
have Study compared daily screen use of 7 hours and versus those who used it
for 2 Children that used screens for 7 hours showed signs of brain cortex thinning
Children spending 2 hours still scored lower on thinking and language tests will
really help you be more comfortable with screen time.” And another study reports
How just two hours’ screen time a day as a toddler can make child
socialemotionalpaws.org) and more reports that researchers also found that
higher screen time was linked to poorer mental health and greater stress whole
lower screen time was associated with more perceived social support.
Despite the gradual reversal of quarantine restrictions, studies have suggested
that screen use may remain persistently elevated,' the authors wrote.
2
Adolescents experiencing stress and poor mental health may use screens to
manage negative feelings or withdraw from stressors.
Although some screen modalities may be used to promote social connection,
higher coping behaviors and social support in this sample were associated with
lower total screen usage.'
Screen time for US teens DOUBLED during the COVID-19 pandemic to nearly eight hours
a day | Daily Mail Online.
There currently is no cure, although its progression can be slowed. Too much
screen time is raising rate of childhood myopia (socialemotionalpaws.org) which led to
Trauma to the body can under Federal laws as Child abuse which can be
prevented and ST. GEORGE —Statistics show thanks to the pandemic, Americans
are now glued to their digital devices an average of 13 hours a day, up from 7 or 8
hours a day before COVID. People with light-colored eyes or a family history of
macular degeneration are at higher risk. Blue light is present in sunlight but the
bulk of people’s exposure comes through their cell phones, tablets, certain smart
TVs and high-end video games. With screen time now averaging 13 hours a day,
experts warn of he (socialemotionalpaws.org)
Dr. Scott Edmonds, chief eye care officer for United HealthCare, recommended
people follow the 20-20-20 rule: For every 20 minutes of screen time, take 20
seconds to stare at something in the distance at least 20 feet away.
That break takes you away from the blue light, lets your pupil go to its normal
size, lets your muscles in your eye relax, lets your focusing muscle relax,”
Edmonds emphasized. “All that every 20 minutes will really help you be more
comfortable with screen time.”
Exposure to blue light from screens is taking a toll on our eyes. Blue light is part
of the UV spectrum and can damage your retina.
Helen Macias, an optician at Dynamic Eye Care in North Las Vegas, said they are
seeing a lot more customers who complain of eye pain in the past year.
CONSUMER ELECTRONICS BRANDS ANNOUNCE NEW EYESAFE PRODUCTS AT BLUE
socialemotionalpaws.org)
Right now, we’re experiencing a lot of children, teachers and others who are
now conducting business online,” Macias explained. “People are now
experiencing the strain on the eyes, staring at the screen. It can lead to macular
degeneration.” With screen time now averaging 13 hours a day, experts warn of
he (socialemotionalpaws.org)
3
That in my opinion findings through researching with five years about this issue
finding of school administrator of many only provide a suicide policy but not the
post prevention, with my efforts to audit documents show that CA State AB 2246
Sept 2016 signed section 215 language was altered from “Shall” to “Maybe” to
another not Quoting the entire 215 section as a board policy they let be approved
by School Board or only provide just the School Board Policy which clearly
violates CA State law as to the Public Record Act with the Freedom Information
Act due to no CA State Law protecting the violation with request for a PRA or
Freedom of Information Act request enforcement compared the CA State Ralph
Brown public meetings..
Since the School Administrator ought to held directly be responsible for the lack
of training with no oversight with the CA State Professional License Standards
flawed has let suicide of our youth at very much at risk as with CA State
Professional Standards as the technology harming from screen time the brain
injury and Blue light below is the Federal definition as to what is child Abuse that
today we have not identified yet from the Medical studies reports that brain
damage preventable with Blue Light is fueling the suicides from my foot notes
documents in my opinion reading these documents.
Definitions of Child Abuse & Neglect
Learn how child abuse and neglect are defined in Federal law and State laws and
find resources that distinguish between discipline and abuse.
Discipline versus abuse
Federal law definitions of child abuse and neglect
Federal legislation provides guidance to States by identifying a minimum set of
acts or behaviors that define child abuse and neglect. The Federal Child Abuse
Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) (42 U.S.C.A. § 5106g), as amended by the
CAPTA Reauthorization Act of 2010, defines child abuse and neglect as, at
minimum:
Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker, which
results in death, serious physical or emotional harm, sexual abuse or
exploitation"; or
An act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm."
This definition of child abuse and neglect refers specifically to parents and other
caregivers. A "child" under this definition generally means a person who is
younger than age 18 or who is not an emancipated minor.
4
While CAPTA provides definitions for sexual abuse and the special cases of
neglect related to withholding or failing to provide medically indicated treatment,
it does not provide specific definitions for other types of maltreatment such as
physical abuse, neglect, or emotional abuse. While Federal legislation sets
minimum standards for States that accept CAPTA funding, each State provides
its own definitions of maltreatment within civil and criminal. Definitions of Child
Abuse & Neglect - Child Welfare Information Gateway and Child Abuse Identification &
Reporting Guidelines - Child Abuse Prevention Training and Resources (CA Dept of
Education) and
See California Penal Code 11165.7 child: means a person under the age of 18
years. See California Penal Code 11165 child abuse or neglect: includes physical
injury or death inflicted by other than accidental means upon a child by another
person, sexual abuse as defined in Section 11165.
California Penal Code 11165.7 – (a) As used in this ...
www.lawserver.com/law/state/california/codes/california_penal_code_11165-7 and
ARTICLE 2.5. Child Abuse and Neglect Reporting Act \[11164 - 11174.3\] ( Heading
of Article 2.5 amended by Stats. 1987, Ch. 1444, Sec. 1. ) Law section (ca.gov)
Youth Suicide Prevention
Local Educational Agencies Lack the Resources
and Policies Necessary to Effectively Address
Rising Rates of Youth Suicide and Self-Harm
September 2020
REPORT
September 29, 2020
2019-125
The Governor of California
President pro Tempore of the Senate
Speaker of the Assembly
State Capitol
Sacramento, California 95814
Dear Governor and Legislative Leaders:
As directed by the Joint Legislative Audit Committee, my office conducted an
audit of suicide prevention efforts
5
at a selection of school districts and charter schools, and we examined the role
of state agencies in youth suicide
prevention. The following report details the audit's findings and conclusions.
From 2009 through 2018, the
annual number of suicides of youth ages 12 through 19 increased 15 percent and
incidents of self-harm increased
50 percent. Because students spend a significant amount of time in school,
school personnel are well positioned
to recognize the warning signs of suicide risk and to make appropriate referrals
for help. To ensure that schools
take the actions necessary to prevent youth suicides, we determined that they
can more effectively assist students
if they do the following:
Implement appropriate suicide prevention policies.
Train their faculty and staff to recognize and respond to youth who are at risk of
suicide or self-harm.
Employ an adequate number of professionals, such as school counselors, who
can provide mental
health services.
In addition to establishing requirements for suicide prevention training, the
Legislature passed a law in 2016
requiring local educational agencies (LEAs) to include certain information in
suicide prevention policies. However,
the six LEAs we reviewed—three school districts and three charter schools—
failed to adopt policies and provide
training that meet those requirements. When policies and trainings do not meet
statutory requirements, teachers
and staff may not have the knowledge or confidence necessary to respond
appropriately to students who are at risk.
Further, the California Department of Education (Education) has recommended
staffing ratios for the number of
school counselors, school nurses, school social workers, and school
psychologists, whom we refer to as mental
health professionals, that LEAs should employ. However, of the 1,034 LEAs that
submitted personnel information
to Education for the 2018–19 academic year, none employed the number of
mental health professionals that
Education recommends. In the absence of adequate mental health professional
staffing, the State’s rates of youth
6
suicide and self-harm have continued to climb.
One best practice for increasing students’ access to mental health professionals
is the establishment of school-based
health centers. In 2007 the Legislature required the California Department of
Public Health (Public Health)
to establish a program to support the development of school-based health
centers. However, as of July 2020,
Public Health had not established the support program or requested funding to do
so. A robust support program
could assist LEAs in creating additional school-based health centers and enable
them to better leverage available
funding to improve student access to mental health services.
Respectfully submitted,
ELAINE M. HOWLE, CPA
California State Auditor
https://www.auditor.ca.gov/pdfs/reports/2019-125.pdf
Assemblymember Salas' Legislation to Tackle Youth Suicide Prevention Passes
Key Committee
AB 58 will give schools the resources and training needed to prevent future
tragedies
Published:
Wednesday, January 19, 2022
SACRAMENTO – Assemblymember Rudy Salas (D-Bakersfield) introduced
legislation – Assembly Bill (AB) 58 – to address the increase in youth suicides and
self-harm across the state by improving youth suicide prevention within schools.
A State Auditor’s report requested by Assemblymember Salas found that Local
Educational Agencies (LEAs) lack the resources and policies necessary to
effectively address rising rates of youth suicide and self-harm. On Wednesday, AB
58 passed out of the Assembly Education Committee with bipartisan support.
No child should die by suicide or feel like they do not have the help they need
around them—we can and must do more to prevent future tragedies,” said
Assemblymember Salas. “AB 58 will give schools the resources and training
necessary to improve care for students that are at-risk and reduce the troubling
rise in suicides and self-harm.”
7
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), suicide was
the second leading cause of death nationwide among young people ages 10 to 24
in 2017. Remarkably, a 2019 report by the United Health Foundation found that
California was one of seven states with the most significant increases in teen
suicide rates from 2016 to 2019.
In a tragic example that occurred recently in San Joaquin County, a sixth-grade
student shot himself while on a distance learning Zoom call. The State Auditor’s
report noted that, “According to the National Association of School
Psychologists, youth who are contemplating suicide frequently give warning
signs of their distress but are not likely to seek help directly. Thus, training
school staff to respond to youth who exhibit warning signs of suicide is
imperative.”
AB 58 requires LEAs to review and update their policy on pupil suicide
prevention, and revise training materials to incorporate best practices identified
by the California Department of Education (CDE) in the department’s model
policy. The bill also encourages LEA’s to provide suicide awareness and
prevention training at the beginning of each school year to teachers. Lastly, the
bill requires CDE to develop resources and guidance on how to conduct suicide
awareness and prevention training remotely, to be provided to LEA’s.
The full audit report addressing youth suicide can be found here.
AB 58 will now head to the Assembly Appropriations Committee.
https://a32.asmdc.org/press-releases/20220119-assemblymember-salas-
legislation-tackle-youth-suicide-prevention-passes-key
The press release dated on 01-29-2022 now can be seen as the cause of lack
training medical understanding the root cause is screentime with blue light that
school administrator many only provide a suicide policy but not the post
prevention nor other audit documents show that CA State AB 2246 Sept 2016
signed section 215 language was altered from “Shall” to “Maybe” to another not
Quoting the entire 215 section as a board policy they let be approved by School
Board. Since the School Administrator ought to be responsible for the lack of
training with no oversight with the CA State Professional License Standards
flawed has let suicide of our youth at very much at risk.
To other CA State Laws in education is left up to each School Superintendent
discretion than uniform practices Ca State Schools, we better oversight
Commission with more over sight yearly to start to gain a good grip to bring need
8
change to provide better control unitization time management with Timmer to
limit the harm from screen time as well shielding the medical harm to the
children from blue light and sleep deprivation as well as blue light causing
myopia macular degeneration damage which is truly preventable.
Hope Fully by these press release will bring a greater awareness as Covid 19 new
reports have done to needed crises will bring the change as there are other
national Countries have already done, that we need to redirect our effects to limit
speed to wellness in preventing these ills from modernization without having yet
recognized the damage it has done to our future of our children safety.
Thank You
Craig A Durfey
Fonder of P.R.D.D.C.
Ps. Press Release dated 01-29-2022 link To whom it may concern audit was
conducted OC CA Schools prevent (socialemotionalpaws.org) and please visit this
link EDUCATIONAL PDF DOCUMENTS (socialemotionalpaws.org).
9
Youth SuicidePrevention
Mpdbm!Fevdbujpobm!Bhfodjft!Mbdl!uif!Sftpvsdft!
Sjtjoh!Sbuft!pg!Zpvui!Tvjdjef!boe!Tfmg.Ibsn!
SFQPSU!
DBMJGPSOJB!TUBUF!BVEJUPS
Tbdsbnfoup!!}!!DB!!}
UUZ!!
Gps!dpnqmbjout!pg!tubuf!fnqmpzff!njtdpoevdu-!
dpoubdu!vt!uispvhi!uifXijtumfcmpxfs!Ipumjof;
Epou!xbou!up!njtt!boz!pg!pvs!sfqpsut@!Tvctdsjcf!up!pvs!fnbjm!mjtu!bu!!!! bvejups/db/hpw
Gps!rvftujpot!sfhbsejoh!uif!dpoufout!pg!uijt!sfqpsu-!qmfbtf!dpoubdubu!
Uijt!sfqpsu!jt!bmtp!bwbjmbcmf!pomjof!bu!xxx/bvejups/db/hpw!!!}!!!Bmufsobujwf!gpsnbu!sfqpsut!bwbjmbcmf!vqpo!sfrvftu!!!}!!!Qfsnjttjpo!jt!hsboufe!up!sfqspevdf!sfqpsut
Fmbjof!N/!Ipxmf!!State Auditor
Qsftjefou!qsp!Ufnqpsf!pg!uif!Tfobuf
Tqfblfs!pg!uif!Bttfncmz
Tubuf!Dbqjupm
Efbs!Hpwfsops!boe!Mfhjtmbujwf!Mfbefst;
bu!b!tfmfdujpo!pg!tdippm!ejtusjdut!boe!dibsufs!tdippmt-!boe!xf!fybnjofe!uif!spmf!pg!tubuf!bhfodjft!jo!zpvui!tvjdjef!
up!sfdphoj{f!uif!xbsojoh!tjhot!pg!tvjdjef!sjtl!boe!up!nblf!bqqspqsjbuf!sfgfssbmt!gps!ifmq/!Up!fotvsf!uibu!tdippmt!
jg!uifz!ep!uif!gpmmpxjoh;
Jnqmfnfou!bqqspqsjbuf!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft/
Fnqmpz!bo!befrvbuf!ovncfs!pg!qspgfttjpobmt-!tvdi!bt!tdippm!dpvotfmpst-!xip!dbo!qspwjef!nfoubm!
sfrvjsjoh!mpdbm!fevdbujpobm!bhfodjft!)MFBt*!up!jodmvef!dfsubjo!jogpsnbujpo!jo!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft/!Ipxfwfs-!
uif!tjy!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfeuisff!tdippm!ejtusjdut!boe!uisff!dibsufs!tdippmtgbjmfe!up!bepqu!qpmjdjft!boe!qspwjef!
usbjojoh!uibu!nffu!uiptf!sfrvjsfnfout/!Xifo!qpmjdjft!boe!usbjojoht!ep!opu!nffu!tubuvupsz!sfrvjsfnfout-!ufbdifst!
tdippm!dpvotfmpst-!tdippm!ovstft-!tdippm!tpdjbm!xpslfst-!boe!tdippm!qtzdipmphjtut-!xipn!xf!sfgfs!up!bt!nfoubm!
tvjdjef!boe!tfmg.ibsn!ibwf!dpoujovfe!up!dmjnc/
Pof!cftu!qsbdujdf!gps!jodsfbtjoh!tuvefout bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!jt!uif!ftubcmjtinfou!pg!tdippm.cbtfe!
Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!ibe!opu!ftubcmjtife!uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!ps!sfrvftufe!gvoejoh!up!ep!tp/!B!spcvtu!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!
dpvme!bttjtu!MFBt!jo!dsfbujoh!beejujpobm!tdippm.cbtfe!ifbmui!dfoufst!boe!fobcmf!uifn!up!cfuufs!mfwfsbhf!bwbjmbcmf!
gvoejoh!up!jnqspwf!tuvefou!bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft/
Sftqfdugvmmz!tvcnjuufe-
FMBJOF!N/!IPXMF-!DQB
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups
732!Dbqjupm!Nbmm-!Tvjuf!2311!!!!}!!!!Tbdsbnfoup-!DB!:6925!!!!}!!!!:27/556/1366!!!!}!!!!:27/438/112:!gby!!!!}!!!!xxx/bvejups/db/hpw
jw Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Tfmfdufe!Bccsfwjbujpot!Vtfe!jo!Uijt!Sfqpsu
DEDDfoufst!gps!Ejtfbtf!Dpouspm!boe!Qsfwfoujpo
DNTDfoufst!gps!Nfejdbsf!boe!Nfejdbje!Tfswjdft
DTIBDbmjgpsojb!Tdippm.Cbtfe!Ifbmui!Bmmjbodf
JFQJoejwjevbmj{fe!fevdbujpo!qsphsbn
MFBMpdbm!fevdbujpobm!bhfodz
NITBNfoubm!Ifbmui!Tfswjdft!Bdu
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 w
Tfqufncfs!3131
Dpoufout
Tvnnbsz!2
Jouspevdujpo!6
Bveju!Sftvmut!
Opof!pg!uif!Tjy!MFBt!Uibu!Xf!Sfwjfxfe!Ibwf!Bepqufe!Befrvbuf!
Zpvui!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo!Qpmjdjft!28
Tpnf!MFBt!Uibu!Xf!Sfwjfxfe!Ibwf!Opu!Qspwjefe!Befrvbuf!
31
Opof!pg!uif!Tubuft!MFBt!Fnqmpz!uif!Sfdpnnfoefe!Ovncfs!pg!
Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Qspgfttjpobmt!!39
Tfswjdft!up!Tuvefout!!42
Tpnf!MFBt!Ibwf!Opu!Tpvhiu!Mpdbm!boe!Gfefsbm!Gvoejoh!Uibu!Dpvme!
Jodsfbtf!Tuvefout Bddftt!up!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Qspgfttjpobmt!!48
Sfdpnnfoebujpot!53
Bqqfoejy!B!
Tdpqf!boe!Nfuipepmphz!!56
Bqqfoejy!C!
Bttfttnfou!pg!Ebub!Sfmjbcjmjuz!!5:
Sftqpotft!up!uif!Bveju!
Dbmjgpsojb!Efqbsunfou!pg!Fevdbujpo!62
Dbmjgpsojb!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!66
uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!68
Efqbsunfou!pg!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!6:
uif!Efqbsunfou!pg!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!72
Hbufxbz!Qvcmjd!Tdippmt!74
Hbufxbz!Qvcmjd!Tdippmt!78
wj Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs!Tdippmt!7:
Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ejtusjdu!82
Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ejtusjdu!84
86
8:
92
96
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 2
Tfqufncfs!3131
TVNNBSZ Bveju!Ijhimjhiut!/!/!/
Sftvmut!jo!Csjfg
MFBt!jo!qsfwfoujoh!zpvui!tvjdjef!ijhimjhiut!
uif!gpmmpxjoh;
Uif!tjy!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!ibwf!opu!
bepqufe!befrvbuf!zpvui!tvjdjef! dpnnjuujoh!bdut!pg!tfmg.ibsncfibwjps!uibu!jt!tfmg.ejsfdufe!boe!
qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft!boe!usbjojoh/!
Hjwfo!qspqfs!qpmjdjft!boe!usbjojoh-! jo!tdippm-!tdippm!qfstpoofm!bsf!xfmm!qptjujpofe!up!sfdphoj{f!uif!
tdippm!qfstpoofm!xip!sfhvmbsmz!joufsbdu! xbsojoh!tjhot!pg!tvjdjef!sjtl!boe!up!nblf!uif!bqqspqsjbuf!sfgfssbmt!
xjui!tuvefout!bsf!xfmm!qptjujpofe!up!
sfdphoj{f!uif!xbsojoh!tjhot!pg!tvjdjef! bqqspqsjbuf!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft!jo!qmbdf-!jg!uifz!usbjo!uifjs!
boe!bttjtu!tuvefout!bu!sjtl!pg!tfmg.ibsn!
boe!tvjdjef/ pg!tvjdjef!ps!tfmg.ibsn-!boe!jg!uifz!fnqmpz!bo!befrvbuf!ovncfs!pg!
qspgfttjpobmt-!tvdi!bt!tdippm!dpvotfmpst-!xip!qspwjef!nfoubm!ifbmui! Opof!pg!uif!tjy!MFBt!xf!bvejufe!ibe!
jnqmfnfoufe!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
qpmjdjft!boe!usbjojoh!uibu!gvmmz!
dibsufs!tdippmtlopxo!dpmmfdujwfmz!bt!mpdbm!fevdbujpobm!bhfodjft! beesfttfe!tubuvupsz!sfrvjsfnfout!
MFBt*dpvme!ep!npsf!up!beesftt!zpvui!tvjdjef!boe!tfmg.ibsn/!! boe!uif!cftu!qsbdujdft!uibu!
Fevdbujpo!sfdpnnfoet/!
MFBt!offe!npsf!nfoubm!ifbmui!
qspgfttjpobmt!up!ifmq!qsfwfou! Ipxfwfs-!uif!tjy!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfeuisff!tdippm!ejtusjdut!boe!
zpvui!tvjdjef/ uisff!dibsufs!tdippmtibwf!opu!bepqufe!qpmjdjft!uibu!gvmmz!beesftt!
uif!tubuvupsz!sfrvjsfnfout!boe!uif!cftu!qsbdujdft!uibu!uif!Dbmjgpsojb! Op!MFB!jo!uif!Tubuf!sfqpsufe!fnqmpzjoh!
Efqbsunfou!pg!Fevdbujpo!)Fevdbujpo*!sfdpnnfoet!jo!uif!npefm! uif!sfdpnnfoefe!ovncfs!pg!tdippm!
dpvotfmpst-!tdippm!ovstft-!tdippm!tpdjbm!
uif!MFBt qpmjdjft!eje!opu!ftubcmjti!sftqpotf!ufbnt!uibu!dpowfof! xpslfst-!boe!tdippm!qtzdipmphjtut<!boe!
bgufs!b!tuvefou!ejft!cz!tvjdjef/!B!tztufnbujd!boe!ujnfmz!sftqpotf! 36!qfsdfou!eje!opu!fnqmpz!fwfo!pof!
up!tvdi!jodjefout!dbo!sfevdf!uif!mjlfmjippe!pg!dmvtufst!pg!tvjdjeft/! tvdi!sftpvsdf/
Voujm!MFBt!dsfbuf!dmfbs!qpmjdjft!uibu!nffu!cpui!mfhbm!sfrvjsfnfout!
Tdippm.cbtfe!ifbmui!dfoufst!dpvme!qspwjef! boe!Fevdbujpo t!sfdpnnfoefe!cftu!qsbdujdft-!uifz!bsf!efqsjwjoh!
tuvefout!xjui!cfuufs!bddftt!up!nfoubm!
ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt/
Jo!beejujpo-!uif!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!dpoevdufe!usbjojoht!uibu!xfsf!
njttjoh!fmfnfout!uibu!ifmq!tdippm!qfstpoofm!jefoujgz!xbsojoh!tjhot!
ibt!epof!mjuumf!up!gptufs!uifjs! boe!ifmq!qsfwfou!tvjdjef/!Bmuipvhi!tubuf!mbx!epft!opu!nboebuf!
jnqmfnfoubujpo/ tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh-!ju!epft!sfrvjsf!uibu!jg!MFBt!dpoevdu!
tvdi!usbjojoh-!uif!nbufsjbmt!nvtu!jodmvef!jogpsnbujpo!po!xifo! Fwfo!xjui!b!tubuvupsz!nboebuf!up!ep!
boe!ipx!up!sfgfs!zpvui!boe!uifjs!gbnjmjft!up!bqqspqsjbuf!nfoubm! tp-!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!ibe!opu!ftubcmjtife!
ifbmui!tfswjdft/!Bmuipvhi!bmm!tjy!pg!uif!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!qspwjefe! b!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!uibu!xpvme!ifmq!
MFBt!ftubcmjti-!sfubjo-!boe!fyqboe!
tdippm.cbtfe!ifbmui!dfoufst/!
mbx!ps!jo!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz/!Xifo!tfmfdujoh!uifjs!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoht-!tpnf!MFBt!eje!opu!qsjpsjuj{f!dpnqmzjoh!xjui!
dpoujovfe!po!ofyu!qbhf!/!/!/ tubuf!mbx!boe!Fevdbujpo t!cftu!qsbdujdft-!xijmf!puifst!dpoufoefe!
3 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
MFBt!tipvme!tffl!mpdbm!boe!gfefsbm!
uifz!cfmjfwfe!ibe!beesfttfe!uif!qfsujofou!jttvft/!Ipxfwfs-!xifo! gvoejoh!up!ifmq!jodsfbtf!uif!ovncfs!
usbjojoht!ep!opu!nffu!tubuvupsz!sfrvjsfnfout!boe!cftu!qsbdujdft-! pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!po!
tdippm!dbnqvtft/
ofdfttbsz!up!sftqpoe!bqqspqsjbufmz!up!tuvefout!xip!bsf!bu!sjtl/!
Gjwf!pg!uif!tjy!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!xfsf!
opu!bxbsf!uibu!uif!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!
Tfswjdft!Bdu!nblft!gvoejoh!bwbjmbcmf!
up!uifn!uispvhi!uifjs!mpdbm!dpvoujft/ fnqmpzfe!Fevdbujpo t!sfdpnnfoefe!ovncfs!pg!tdippm!dpvotfmpst-!
tdippm!ovstft-!tdippm!tpdjbm!xpslfst-!boe!tdippm!qtzdipmphjtut-!
Fevdbujpo!boe!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft! xijdi!xf!dpmmfdujwfmz!sfgfs!up!bt!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt/!Nfoubm!
ibwf!opu!ublfo!tufqt!up!fotvsf!uibu!bmm! ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!qspwjef!bdbefnjd-!dbsffs-!boe!qtzdipmphjdbm!
MFBt!bsf!bxbsf!pg!xbzt!up!efdsfbtf!uif! dpvotfmjoh!up!tuvefout-!bt!xfmm!bt!tpdjbm!efwfmpqnfou!tfswjdft!boe!
benjojtusbujwf!cvsefo!pg!pcubjojoh! qiztjdbm!ifbmui!tfswjdft/!Bmuipvhi!uiftf!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!
sfjncvstfnfou!gps!tpnf!pg!uif!nfoubm! qmbz!b!dsjujdbm!spmf!jo!ifmqjoh!up!sfevdf!zpvui!tvjdjef-!gfx!pg!uif!
ifbmui!tfswjdft!uifz!qspwjef/ Tubuft!MFBt!sfqpsufe!fnqmpzjoh!uif!sfdpnnfoefe!ovncfs!pg!fwfo!
qspgfttjpobmt!jt!vomjlfmz!cfdbvtf!pg!uif!Tubuft!dvssfou!gpdvt!po!
mpdbm!dpouspm!pg!fevdbujpo!gvoejoh/!Opofuifmftt-!bt!uif!Tubuft!
sbuft!pg!zpvui!tvjdjef!boe!tfmg.ibsn!sjtf-!uiftf!lfz!qptjujpot!
Pof!cftu!qsbdujdf!gps!jodsfbtjoh!tuvefout bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!
qspgfttjpobmt!jt!uif!ftubcmjtinfou!pg!tdippm.cbtfe!ifbmui!dfoufst!
tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst*/!Tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!bsf!dmjojdt!mpdbufe!po!
ps!ofbs!tdippm!hspvoet!uibu!nbz!qspwjef!b!wbsjfuz!pg!qiztjdbm!boe!
nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft-!tvdi!bt!jnnvoj{bujpot-!tvctubodf!bcvtf!
dpvotfmjoh-!boe!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf/!Dpnnvojuz!ifbmui!dfoufst!
ps!mpdbm!ifbmui!efqbsunfout!pgufo!tvqqpsu!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufs!
pqfsbujpot!boe!nbz!fnqmpz!uif!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!xip!xpsl!bu!
uifn/!Sftfbsdi!ibt!dpotjtufoumz!efnpotusbufe!uibu!tdippm!ifbmui!
dfoufst!jodsfbtf!zpvui!bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf/!Gvsuifs-!uifz!
bmmpx!MFBt!up!mfwfsbhf!puifs!tpvsdft!pg!gvoejoh-!jodmvejoh!qvcmjd!
boe!qsjwbuf!ifbmui!jotvsbodf-!up!qbz!gps!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!gps!
uif!tubuf!pg!Psfhpo!ibwf!vtfe!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!up!tvddfttgvmmz!
buufoefe!b!tdippm!xjui!b!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufs/
Mfhjtmbuvsf!sfrvjsfe!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!
Qvcmjd!Ifbmui*!up!ftubcmjti!b!qsphsbn!up!tvqqpsu!uif!efwfmpqnfou!
pg!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!)tvqqpsu!qsphsbn*/!Ipxfwfs-!bt!pg!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 4
Tfqufncfs!3131
Dfoufs!gps!Ifbmuiz!Dpnnvojujft efqvuz!ejsfdups!tubufe!uibu!
xbt!opu!befrvbuf!up!ftubcmjti!b!gvmm!qsphsbn<!ipxfwfs-!tif!bmtp!
tubufe!uibu!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!ibt!opu!sfrvftufe!beejujpobm!gvoejoh/!
Hjwfo!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf t!nboebuf-!ju!jt!vodmfbs!xiz!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!ibt!
ublfo!tp!mjuumf!bdujpo!up!dsfbuf!boe!benjojtufs!uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!
spcvtu!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!dpvme!bttjtu!MFBt!jo!dsfbujoh!tdippm!ifbmui!
dfoufst!boe!fobcmf!uifn!up!cfuufs!mfwfsbhf!bwbjmbcmf!gvoejoh!up!
jnqspwf!tuvefou!bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft/
Bmuipvhi!tfwfsbm!pg!uif!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!sfmjfe!tpmfmz!po!tubuf!
gvoejoh!up!qbz!uifjs!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt-!puifst!uppl!
uibu!vtfe!beejujpobm!tpvsdft!pg!gvoejoh!tqfou!npsf!qfs!tuvefou!po!
uiftf!qspgfttjpobmt!uibu!Fevdbujpo!sfdpnnfoet/!Jo!beejujpo!up!mpdbm!
gvoet-!tvdi!bt!uiptf!bwbjmbcmf!uispvhi!uif!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Tfswjdft!
pg!uif!dptut!pg!dfsubjo!ifbmui.sfmbufe!tfswjdft!uifz!ibwf!qspwjefe!
up!tuvefout!xip!bsf!fmjhjcmf!gps!Nfej.Dbm!uispvhi!xibu!jt!lopxo!
bt!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn/!Bmuipvhi!tpnf!MFBt!dpotjefs!uif!
cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!up!cf!benjojtusbujwfmz!cvsefotpnf-!uifz!
qsphsbnt!benjojtusbujwf!dptut!boe!sftqpotjcjmjujft/!Ipxfwfs-!uif!
Efqbsunfou!pg!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdftxijdi!benjojtufst!uif!cjmmjoh!
pqujpo!qsphsbnboe!Fevdbujpo!ibwf!opu!epof!fopvhi!up!fotvsf!
uibu!bmm!MFBt!bsf!bxbsf!pg!uif!pqqpsuvojuz!up!qbsuofs!xjui!uifjs!
uijt!qsphsbn!ibt!ibe!po!jodsfbtjoh!tuvefout bddftt!up!nfoubm!
Tvnnbsz!pg!Sfdpnnfoebujpot
Fevdbujpo
Up!qspnpuf!uif!bepqujpo!pg!uif!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!cftu!qsbdujdft!
fmfnfout!jo!jut!npefm!qpmjdz/!
5 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Qvcmjd!Ifbmui
ifbmui!dfoufst-!bt!tubuf!mbx!sfrvjsft/!Jg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!mbdlt!uif!
gvoejoh!up!ep!tp-!ju!tipvme!sfrvftu!beejujpobm!gvoet!bt!offefe/!
Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!tipvme!vtf!uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!up!bttjtu!MFBt!
jo!ftubcmjtijoh!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!boe!jo!jefoujgzjoh!boe!
bqqmzjoh!gps!bwbjmbcmf!gvoejoh!bt!bvuipsj{fe!cz!mbx-!tvdi!bt!
Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft
Up!fotvsf!uibu!MFBt!ublf!gvmm!bewboubhf!pg!Nfej.Dbm!gvoet-!Ifbmui!
Dbsf!Tfswjdft!tipvme!xpsl!xjui!Fevdbujpo!up!jogpsn!MFBt!uibu!uifz!
benjojtusbujwf!sftqpotjcjmjujft!ofdfttbsz!up!pcubjo!sfjncvstfnfou!
uispvhi!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn/!
MFBt
ofdfttbsz!up!sftqpoe!dpotjtufoumz-!qspnqumz-!boe!bqqspqsjbufmz!up!
sfevdf!tvjdjef!sjtl-!uif!tjy!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!tipvme!sfwjtf!uifjs!
uif!cftu!qsbdujdft!jo!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz/!
Bhfodz!Dpnnfout
Fevdbujpo!boe!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!tubufe!uifz!xpvme!jnqmfnfou!
pvs!sfdpnnfoebujpot/!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!tbje!uibu!ju!xpvme!fwbmvbuf!uif!
sftpvsdft!ofdfttbsz!up!ftubcmjti!uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!sfrvjsfe!cz!
mbx/!Tfwfsbm!pg!uif!tjy!MFBt!eftdsjcfe!ipx!uifz!cfmjfwf!uifjs!tvjdjef!
qpmjdjft-!cvu!nptu!tubufe!uibu!uifz!xpvme!bmtp!vqebuf!uifjs!qpmjdjft!
up!beesftt!uiptf!tipsudpnjoht/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 6
Tfqufncfs!3131
JOUSPEVDUJPO
Cbdlhspvoe!
Tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!jt!bo!jttvf!pg!tubuf!boe!obujpobm!jnqpsubodf/!
Bddpsejoh!up!uif!Dfoufst!gps!Ejtfbtf!Dpouspm!boe!Qsfwfoujpo!
2Pg!fwfo!npsf!
Cbtfe!po!uif!DEDt!ijhi!tdippm!zpvui!sjtl!cfibwjps!tvswfz!sftvmut-!
uif!qfsdfoubhf!pg!ijhi!tdippm!tuvefout!obujpoxjef!xip!tfsjpvtmz!
dpotjefsfe!tvjdjef!evsjoh!uif!qsfwjpvt!zfbs!jodsfbtfe!gspn!
vobddfqubcmz!ijhi!tubujtujdt!qpjou!up!b!tfsjpvt!qvcmjd!
ifbmui!qspcmfn/
Tfmg.ibsn;!Tfmg.ejsfdufe!cfibwjps!uibu!efmjcfsbufmz!sftvmut!jo!
jokvsz!ps!uif!qpufoujbm!gps!jokvsz/!Ju!dbo!pddvs!xjui!ps!xjuipvu!
tvjdjebm!joufou/!
Tvjdjef!buufnqu;!B!tfmg.jokvsjpvt!cfibwjps!gps!xijdi!uif! tipxt/!Jo!beejujpo-!tfmg.ibsnxijdi-!bt!uif! qfstpo!ibe!bu!mfbtu!tpnf!joufou!up!ejf<!nbz!sftvmu!jo!efbui-!
jokvsjft-!ps!op!jokvsjft/!
boe!uibu!efmjcfsbufmz!sftvmut!jo!jokvszibt!bmtp!
Tvjdjef;!Efbui!dbvtfe!cz!tfmg.ejsfdufe!cfibwjps!xjui!bo!
joufou!up!ejf!bt!b!sftvmu!pg!uif!cfibwjps/!
zpvui!tfmg.ibsn!jodjefout!uibu!mfe!up!fnfshfodz! Tpvsdf;Uif!Obujpobm!Jotujuvuf!pg!Nfoubm!Ifbmui t!xfctjuf!boe!
b!npefm!tdippm!ejtusjdu!qpmjdz!po!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!dsfbufe!cz! efqbsunfou!wjtjut!ps!iptqjubm!tubzt!jodsfbtfe!gspn!
2Vojoufoujpobm!jokvsz!xbt!uif!mfbejoh!dbvtf!pg!efbui!gps!zpvoh!qfpqmf!evsjoh!uibu!tbnf!qfsjpe/!
7 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Gjhvsf!2
Uif!Ovncfs!pg!Zpvui!Tvjdjeft!jo!Dbmjgpsojb!Jodsfbtfe!Gspn!311:!Uispvhi!3129
351
331
311
291
271
251
231
211
91
71
Ovncfs!pg!Zpvui!Tvjdjeft!Bhft!23!up!2:51
31
1
311:312131223123312431253126312731283129
Tpvsdf;!!Bobmztjt!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui t!wjubm!efbui!ebub/
Gjhvsf!3
Jodjefout!pg!Zpvui!Tfmg.Ibsn!Sfrvjsjoh!Nfejdbm!Buufoujpo!Jodsfbtfe!cz!61!Qfsdfou!Gspn!311:!Uispvhi!3129!
29
27
25
23
21
9
jo!Uipvtboet*
7
5
Jodjefout!pg!Tfmg.Ibsn!cz!Zpvui!Bhft!23!up!2:
3
1
311:312131223123312431253126312731283129
Tpvsdf;!
Opuf;!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 8
Tfqufncfs!3131
Gbdupst!Uibu!Nbz!Dpousjcvuf!up!Zpvui!Tvjdjef!
ju!pddvst!nptu!pgufo!xifo!tusfttpst!boe!ifbmui!jttvft!dpowfshf!
up!dsfbuf!gffmjoht!pg!ipqfmfttoftt!boe!eftqbjs/!Zpvui!bsf!npsf!
wvmofsbcmf!up!tvjdjef!jg!uifz!ibwf!dfsubjo!dibsbdufsjtujdt!boe!
fyqfsjfodft-!jodmvejoh!nfoubm!ifbmui!dpoejujpot-!qsfwjpvt!
gbnjmz!tvjdjef!buufnqut-!boe!fyqptvsf!up!qspmpohfe!tusftt-!tvdi!
jodmvejoh!uiptf!xjui!ejtbcjmjujft-!uiptf!jo!gptufs!dbsf-!boe!uiptf!
xip!jefoujgz!bt!mftcjbo-!hbz-!cjtfyvbm-!usbothfoefs-!boe!rvffs!ps!
Bmuipvhi!dpvoujft!xjui!nfuspqpmjubo!bsfbt!ibwf!uif!ijhiftu!
upubm!ovncfs!pg!zpvui!tvjdjeft-!pvs!bobmztjt!pg!ebub!gspn!uif!
Dbmjgpsojb!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!)Qvcmjd!Ifbmui*!tipxt!uibu!
nboz!pg!uif!Tubuft!opsuifso!svsbm!dpvoujft!ibwf!ijhifs!tvjdjef!
ujnft!uif!tubufxjef!sbuf/!Ipxfwfs-!tpnf!dpvoujft!xjui!ijhi!tvjdjef!
sbuft!ibwf!b!sfmbujwfmz!mpx!upubm!ovncfs!pg!tvjdjeft/!Gps!fybnqmf-!uif!
uisff!dpvoujft!xjui!uif!ijhiftu!tvjdjef!sbuft!bsf!opsuifso!boe!svsbm!
jt!hfofsbmmz!mpxfs!jo!svsbm!dpvoujft/!Tuvejft!ibwf!hfofsbmmz!gpvoe!
b!qptjujwf!bttpdjbujpo!cfuxffo!jodsfbtfe!bddftt!up!dbsf!boe!mpxfs!
tvjdjef!sbuft/!Ipxfwfs-!jo!nboz!svsbm!dpnnvojujft-!fdpopnjd!
gbdupst!boe!tqbstf!qpqvmbujpo!efotjuz!ibwf!mfe!up!tipsubhft!pg!
nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt-!bddpsejoh!up!b!sfqpsu!cz!uif!Svsbm!
3Zpvui!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo!Xpslhspvq/
3
Dfoufs!boe!puifst/
9 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Gjhvsf!4
Nboz!pg!uif!Tubuft!Svsbm!boe!Opsuifso!Dpvoujft!Ibe!Ijhifs!Sbuft!pg!Zpvui!Tvjdjef!Gspn!311:!Uispvhi!3129
EFM!
OPSUF
TJTLJZPVNPEPD
TIBTUBMBTTFO
IVNCPMEUUSJOJUZ
UFIBNB
QMVNBT
CVUUFHMFOO TJFSSB
NFOEPDJOP
OFWBEB
ZVCBDPMVTB
QMBDFSMBLF
FM!EPSZPMPBEP
BMQJOFTPOPNBOBQB
BNBEPS
TPMBOP
DBMBWFSBT
NBSJO UVPMVNOF
DPOUSB NPOPTBODPTUBKPBRVJOTBO!GSBODJTDP
BMBNFEB
NBSJQPTBTBO!NBUFPTUBOJTMBVT
BOUBT
NFSDFEBDMBS NBEFSBTBOUB
DSV\[
GSFTOPOTB JOZPFOJUPC
UVMBSFNPOUFSFZ
LJOHT
TBO!MVJT!PCJTQP
LFSO
TBO!CFSOBSEJOP
TBOUB!CBSCBSB
WFOUVSB
MPT!BOHFMFT
Jodjefout!qfs!211-111!zpvui!bhft!21!up!2:-!qfs!zfbs
TJEFSJWFSPSBOHFGfxfs!uibo!5
5!up!7
Npsf!uibo!7
TBO!EJFHPJNQFSJBM
Tpvsdf;
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236:
Tfqufncfs!3131
Gjhvsf!5
Nboz!pg!uif!Tubuft!Svsbm!boe!Opsuifso!Dpvoujft!Ibe!Ijhifs!Sbuft!pg!Zpvui!Tfmg.Ibsn!Gspn!311:!Uispvhi!3129
EFM!
OPSUF
TJTLJZPVNPEPD
TIBTUBMBTTFO
IVNCPMEUUSJOJUZ
UFIBNB
QMVNBT
CVUUFHMFOO JFSSBT
NFOEPDJOP
OFWBEB
ZVCBDPMVTB
QMBDFSMBLF
FM!EPZPMPSBEP
BMQJOFTPOPNBOBQB
BNBEPS
TPMBOP
DBMBWFSBT
NBSJO UVPMVNOF
DPOUSB NPOPTBODPTUBKPBRVJOTBO!GSBODJTDP
BMBNFEB NBSJQPTBTBO!NBUFPTUBOJTMBVT
BOUBT
NFSDFEBDMBS NBEFSBTBOUB
DSV\[
GSFTOPTBO
JOZPFOJUPC
UVMBSFNPOUFSFZ
LJOHT
TBO!MVJT!PCJTQP
LFSO
TBO!CFSOBSEJOP
TBOUB!CBSCBSB
WFOUVSB
MPT!BOHFMFT
Jodjefout!qfs!211-111!zpvui!bhft!21!up!2:-!qfs!zfbs
TJEFSJWFSPSBOHFGfxfs!uibo!361
361!up!461
Npsf!uibo!461
TBO!EJFHPJNQFSJBM
Tpvsdf;
21 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Jo!beejujpo!up!wbszjoh!cz!vscbo!boe!svsbm!bsfbt-!uif!sbuft!pg!tvjdjef!
boe!tfmg.ibsn!wbsz!cz!hfoefs/!Pvs!bobmztjt!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!ebub!
Dpowfstfmz-!gfnbmft!jo!uijt!tbnf!bhf!hspvq!dpnnjuufe!tfmg.ibsn!bu!
ofbsmz!uisff!ujnft!uif!sbuf!pg!nbmft/!Jo!gbdu-!jotubodft!pg!tfmg.ibsn!
Gjhvsf!6
Jodjefout!pg!Zpvui!Tvjdjef!boe!Tfmg.Ibsn!Wbsjfe!cz!Hfoefs!Gspn!311:!Uispvhi!3129
Tpvsdf;!
uispvhi!3129!gps!zpvui!bhfe!23!up!2:/
Opuft;!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 22
Tfqufncfs!3131
Uif!Spmf!pg!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Tfswjdft!jo!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo
Sftfbsdi!tvhhftut!uibu!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf!jt!b!dsjujdbm!dpnqpofou!
4ifbmui!usfbunfou!bt!pof!pg!uif!sjtl!gbdupst!gps!tvjdjef/!Nvmujqmf!
up!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf!tfswjdfttvdi!bt!b!ijhifs!efotjuz!pg!
qtzdijbusjtut!jo!b!hjwfo!bsfbboe!sfevdujpot!jo!tvjdjef!boe!
sbuft!jo!tubuft!xjui!ijhifs!efotjujft!pg!qtzdijbusjtut-!ijhifs!gfefsbm!
gvoejoh!gps!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft-!boe!mpxfs!sbuft!pg!vojotvsfe!
sftjefoutdpssfmbujpot!uibu!uif!bvuipst!dpodmvefe!tvqqpsu!uif!
tuvez-!sftfbsdifst!gpvoe!uibu!tubuft!uibu!fobdufe!mbxt!sfrvjsjoh!uibu!
tvjdjef!sbuft!jo!uif!gpmmpxjoh!zfbst/!Bmuipvhi!jefoujgzjoh!uif!fybdu!
dpssfmbujpo!cfuxffo!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!boe!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
jt!bo!pohpjoh!bsfb!pg!tuvez-!uif!dvssfou!cpez!pg!sftfbsdi!joejdbuft!
uibu!jodsfbtfe!bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf!sfevdft!tvjdjef!sbuft/!
Dbmjgpsojb!wpufst!sfdphoj{fe!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!
tfswjdft!jo!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!xifo!uifz!wpufe!up!bqqspwf!
bsf!bu!sjtl!pg!nfoubm!jmmoftt-!jo!qbsu!uispvhi!jut!gpdvt!po!qsfwfoujpo!
vousfbufe!nfoubm!jmmoftt!uibu!nbz!mfbe!up!tvjdjef!boe!dpodfsot!
uibu!dijmesfo!xip!bsf!vousfbufe!pgufo!cfdpnf!vobcmf!up!mfbso!ps!
uif!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Tfswjdft!Pwfstjhiu!boe!Bddpvoubcjmjuz!
Dpnnjttjpo!)Pwfstjhiu!Dpnnjttjpo*!up!pwfstff!dpvouz!qsfwfoujpo!
hpwfsonfout!gps!nfoubm!ifbmui!qsphsbnt/
4Uif!Obujpobm!Bmmjbodf!po!Nfoubm!Jmmoftt!joejdbuft!uibu!cbssjfst!up!bddfttjoh!nfoubm!ifbmui!
puifs!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf!qspwjefst/!
23 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
lopxo!dpmmfdujwfmz!bt!mpdbm!fevdbujpobm!bhfodjft!)MFBt*/!Bt!uif!
tfswjdft/!Tpnf!MFBt!fnqmpz!tdippm!dpvotfmpst-!tdippm!ovstft-!
tdippm!tpdjbm!xpslfst-!boe!tdippm!qtzdipmphjtut-!xijdi!xf!
dpmmfdujwfmz!sfgfs!up!bt!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt/!
Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Tfswjdft!jo!Dbmjgpsojb!Tdippmt pg!ujnf!jo!tdippm-!uif!qfstpoofm!xip!joufsbdu!
xjui!uifn!fwfsz!ebz!bsf!jo!b!qsjnf!qptjujpo!up!
sfdphoj{f!uif!xbsojoh!tjhot!pg!tvjdjef!boe!nblf!
nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft-!jodmvejoh!uif!gpmmpxjoh;
Bdbefnjd!boe!qfstpobm!dpvotfmjoh Obujpobm!Bttpdjbujpo!pg!Tdippm!Qtzdipmphjtut-!
zpvui!xip!bsf!dpoufnqmbujoh!tvjdjef!gsfrvfoumz! Joufswfoujpot!up!beesftt!cfibwjps!jttvft
hjwf!xbsojoh!tjhot!pg!uifjs!ejtusftt!cvu!bsf!opu!
Dsjtjt!joufswfoujpo
Bttfttnfout!boe!sfgfssbmt!up!puifs!tfswjdft
Fevdbujpo!tbzt!uibu!qspwjejoh!uiftf!tfswjdft!jo!b!tdippm!
tfuujoh!ifmqt!beesftt!cbssjfst!up!mfbsojoh!boe!tvqqpsut!
dpncbu!zpvui!tvjdjef!boe!tfmg.ibsn-!jodmvejoh! tuvefou!tvddftt!cpui!jo!boe!pvutjef!pg!tdippm/
Tpvsdf;Fevdbujpo t!xfctjuf!boe!uif!Dpnnjttjpo!po!Ufbdifs!
Dsfefoujbmjoh!Qvqjm!Qfstpobm!Tfswjdft!Qsphsbn!Tuboebset/
qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft!uibu!beesftt!dfsubjo!lfz!upqjdt-!
tvdi!bt!tvjdjef!joufswfoujpo/!
Ijtupsjdbmmz-!tubuf!bhfodjft!ibwf!ibe!b!mjnjufe!spmf!jo!MFBt tvjdjef!
jt!up!bewbodf!uif!ifbmui!boe!xfmm.cfjoh!pg!Dbmjgpsojb t!ejwfstf!
qfpqmf!boe!dpnnvojujft xjui!uif!sftqpotjcjmjuz!pg!ftubcmjtijoh!
boe!nbjoubjojoh!uif!Tubuft!fmfduspojd!sfqpsujoh!tztufn!gps!wjpmfou!
gvoet!bsf!bqqspqsjbufe!up!ep!tp/!Npsfpwfs-!voujm!sfdfoumz-!uif!
spmf!pg!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Efqbsunfou!pg!Fevdbujpo!)Fevdbujpo*!jo!
jogpsnbujpo!up!tdippmt/!Ipxfwfs-!xifo!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!sfrvjsfe!
bdbefnjd!zfbs-!ju!bmtp!sfrvjsfe!uibu!Fevdbujpo!efwfmpq!boe!nbjoubjo!
hbwf!Fevdbujpo!uif!ubtl!pg!jefoujgzjoh!pof!ps!npsf!pomjof!qsphsbnt!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 24
Tfqufncfs!3131
Gjhvsf!7
Dbmjgpsojb!wpufst!qbttfe!Qspqptjujpo!74-!xijdi!
jnqptfe!b!2!qfsdfou!uby!cfhjoojoh!jo!3116!po!
jodpnft!bcpwf!%2!njmmjpo!up!fyqboe!uif!Tubuf(t!dpvouz!
nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft/!
Uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!sfrvjsfe!uif!Efqbsunfou!pg!Ifbmui!
Tfswjdft!)Qvcmjd!Ifbmui(t!qsfefdfttps*-!jo!dppqfsbujpo!
xjui!Fevdbujpo-!up!ftubcmjti!b!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufs!
tvqqpsu!qsphsbn/
Uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!sfrvjsfe!MFBt!up!bepqu!b!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
qpmjdz!beesfttjoh!uif!offet!pg!uifjs!tuvefout!jo!hsbeft!8!up!23!
cfgpsf!uif!cfhjoojoh!pg!bdbefnjd!zfbs!312829/
Uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!sfrvjsfe!Fevdbujpo!up!jefoujgz!bo!pomjof!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!qsphsbn!boe!up!qspwjef!b!hsbou!up!b!dpvouz!
b!wpmvoubsz!cbtjt!up!MFBt!bu!op!dptu/
Uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!sfrvjsfe!MFBt!up!sfwjfx!uifjs!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
ofdfttbsz/
Uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!sfrvjsfe!MFBt!up!bepqu!b!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
qpmjdz!gps!tuvefout!jo!ljoefshbsufo!uispvhi!hsbef!7!cfgpsf!
uif!cfhjoojoh!pg!bdbefnjd!zfbs!313132/
Tpvsdf;!Sfwjfx!pg!tubuf!mbxt/!
25 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
hfofsbmmz!epft!opu!xpsl!ejsfdumz!xjui!MFBt!up!beesftt!zpvui!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo/!MFBt!dbo!sfdfjwf!sfjncvstfnfou!gps!tpnf!nfoubm!
ifbmui!dbsf!tfswjdft!uifz!qspwjef!uispvhi!uif!Tubuft!Nfejdbje!
qsphsbn;!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Nfejdbm!Bttjtubodf!Qsphsbn!)Nfej.Dbm*/!
Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!benjojtufst!Nfej.Dbm!uispvhi!bo!bhsffnfou-!
lopxo!bt!uif!tubuf!qmbo-!xjui!uif!gfefsbm!Dfoufst!gps!Nfejdbsf!
boe!Nfejdbje!Tfswjdft!)DNT*/!Tubuf!mbx!sfrvjsft!Ifbmui!Dbsf!
Tfswjdft!up!pwfstff!b!qsphsbn!dbmmfe!uif!Mpdbm!Fevdbujpo!Bhfodz!
Nfej.Dbm!Cjmmjoh!Pqujpo!Qsphsbn!)cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn*/!
ifbmui.sfmbufe!tfswjdft!uifz!qspwjef!up!Nfej.Dbm.fmjhjcmf!tuvefout!
sfdfou!ebub!dpodfsojoh!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!jt!bwbjmbcmf-!npsf!
Uif!Spmf!pg!Mpdbm!Qbsuofst!boe!Pshboj{bujpot!jo!Qsfwfoujoh!
B!wbsjfuz!pg!pshboj{bujpot!gpdvt!po!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!boe!bttjtu!
tdippmt!xjui!uifjs!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft/!Gps!fybnqmf-!uif!
dppqfsbufe!xjui!b!ovncfs!pg!uby.fyfnqu!pshboj{bujpot!up!dsfbuf!
boe!qvcmjti!b!npefm!qpmjdz!gps!tdippmt!xjui!qspdfevsft!up!bttftt!
uif!sjtl!pg-!qsfwfou-!joufswfof-!boe!sftqpoe!up!tvjdjef/!Bopuifs!
tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!pshboj{bujpo-!uif!IFBSE!Bmmjbodf-!b!dpnnvojuz!
nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf-!boe!fevdbujpo!qspgfttjpobmt!up!foibodf!uif!
dpnnvojuz t!bcjmjuz!up!qsfwfou!tvjdjef!jo!bepmftdfout!boe!zpvoh!
tvqqpsu!tdippm!dpnnvojujft jodmvejoh!qbsfout-!ufbdifst-!tdippm!
qfstpoofm-!dpvotfmpst-!boe!ifbmui!qspwjefstjo!qsfwfoujoh!zpvui!
Jo!beejujpo-!MFBt!tpnfujnft!qbsuofs!xjui!dpnnvojuz.cbtfe!
pshboj{bujpot!up!qspwjef!nfoubm!ifbmui!boe!dpvotfmjoh!tfswjdft!
up!uifjs!tuvefou!qpqvmbujpot/!Tpnf!MFBt!bmtp!qbsuofs!xjui!
dpnnvojuz.cbtfe!pshboj{bujpot!up!qspwjef!tfswjdft!po.tjuf-!
jodmvejoh!nfoubm!ifbmui!bttfttnfout-!joejwjevbm!dpvotfmjoh!
tfttjpot-!boe!dsjtjt!dpvotfmjoh/!MFBt!nbz!bmtp!sfgfs!bu.sjtl!tuvefout!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 26
Tfqufncfs!3131
Up!bttftt!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!bu!uif!mpdbm!mfwfm-!xf!sfwjfxfe!uif!
cbtfe!po!uifjs!hfphsbqiz!boe!uifjs!sbuft!pg!zpvui!tvjdjef!boe!
tfmg.ibsn/!Xf!uifo!diptf!pof!tdippm!ejtusjdu!boe!pof!dibsufs!
tdippm!xjuijo!fbdi!pg!uiftf!uisff!dpvoujft/!Jo!Nfoepdjop!Dpvouz-!
Dibsufs!Bdbefnz!pg!uif!Sfexppet!)Sfexppet!Dibsufs*<!jo!
Hbufxbz!Dibsufs*-!boe!jo!Lfso!Dpvouz-!xf!tfmfdufe!Lfso!Ijhi!
Tdippm!Ejtusjdu!boe!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs!Tdippm!)Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs*/!
Xf!tfmfdufe!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs!cfdbvtf!ju!dpoevdut!nvdi!pg!
jut!jotusvdujpo!wjb!ejtubodf!mfbsojoh-!b!nfuipe!pg!jotusvdujpo!
uibu!ibt!cfdpnf!jodsfbtjohmz!dpnnpo!bt!MFBt!bebqu!up!uif!
27 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Cmbol!qbhf!jotfsufe!gps!sfqspevdujpo!qvsqptft!pomz/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 28
Tfqufncfs!3131
BVEJU!SFTVMUT!
Opof!pg!uif!Tjy!MFBt!Xf!Sfwjfxfe!Ibwf!Bepqufe!Befrvbuf!Zpvui!
Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo!Qpmjdjft!
Up!fotvsf!uibu!MFBt!ublf!uif!bdujpot!ofdfttbsz!up!qsfwfou!zpvui!
tvjdjeft-!uif!Tubuf!ibt!ftubcmjtife!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdz!
sfrvjsfnfout!boe!cftu!qsbdujdft/!Tubuf!mbx!sfrvjsfe!uibu!cfgpsf!uif!
uibu!beesftt!dfsubjo!lfz!upqjdt-!jodmvejoh!tvjdjef!joufswfoujpo!boe!
qsfwfoujpo/!Jo!beejujpo-!tubuf!mbx!sfrvjsfe!uibu!uif!MFBt!dpotvmu!
xjui!tdippm!boe!dpnnvojuz!tublfipmefst-!tdippm.fnqmpzfe!nfoubm!
ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt-!boe!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!fyqfsut!xifo!bepqujoh!
uiftf!qpmjdjft/!Bu!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf t!ejsfdujpo-!Fevdbujpo!qvcmjtife!
ijhimjhiut!cftu!qsbdujdft!uibu!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!pshboj{bujpot!
sfdpnnfoe-!tvdi!bt!jefoujgzjoh!qsjnbsz!boe!tfdpoebsz!mjbjtpot!
qspwjejoh!tuvefout!xjui!fevdbujpo!bcpvu!nfoubm!ifbmui!dibmmfohft/
Bmuipvhi!tubuf!mbx!epft!opu!sfrvjsf!MFBt!up!bepqu!Fevdbujpo t!
npefm!qpmjdz-!uif!npefm!qpmjdz!dpoubjot!ovnfspvt!cftu!qsbdujdft-!
boe!uifsfgpsf!xf!fyqfdufe!uif!MFBt!up!ibwf!jodpsqpsbufe!uif!
dpodfqut!ju!dpoubjot!joup!uifjs!pxo!qpmjdjft/!Bmm!tjy!pg!uif!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!
uif!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!mbdlfe!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdz!fmfnfout!mbdlfe!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdz!
fmfnfout!uibu!fjuifs!tubuf!mbx!ps!uif!
npefm!qpmjdz!jefoujgz/ uiftf!njttjoh!fmfnfout!jodmvef!uif!bqqpjounfou!pg!b!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo!qpjou!pg!dpoubdu!boe!ftubcmjtinfou!pg!b!sftqpotf!
ufbnbmtp!lopxo!bt!b!qptuwfoujpo!ufbnup!dpowfof!bgufs!b!
tvjdjef/!Xjuipvu!uiftf!fmfnfout-!uif!MFBt!nbz!cf!voqsfqbsfe!up!
jefoujgz!xbsojoh!tjhot!ps!qspwjef!sftpvsdft!gps!tuvefout!bu!sjtl/!Gps!
fybnqmf-!uif!ftubcmjtinfou!pg!b!sftqpotf!ufbn!jt!jnqpsubou!cfdbvtf!
joijcjujpot!bhbjotu!tvjdjef/!B!tztufnbujd!sftqpotf!dbo!sfevdf!uif!
mjlfmjippe!pg!dmvtufst!pg!tvjdjeft!cz!qspwjejoh!bu.sjtl!tuvefout!xjui!
tvqqpsu!boe!hvjebodf/!
boe!uifjs!benjojtusbupst!tubufe!uifz!xpvme!vqebuf!uifjs!qpmjdjft!
qpmjdjft!xfsf!cbtfe!po!b!npefm!uibu!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Tdippm!Cpbset!
29 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
ejtusjdut!xjui!tbnqmf!qpmjdjft!boe!benjojtusbujwf!qspdfevsft-!bnpoh!
Ejtusjdu!joejdbufe!uibu!uif!ejtusjdu!cfhbo!efwfmpqjoh!jut!qpmjdz!
cfgpsf!Fevdbujpo!sfmfbtfe!jut!npefm!cvu!xpvme!vqebuf!jut!qpmjdz!
njttjoh!gspn!uifjs!qpmjdjft!fyjtu!jo!puifs!epdvnfout!boe!qspdfttft/!
Bmuipvhi!jodpsqpsbujoh!nbufsjbmt!joup!b!qpmjdz!cz!sfgfsfodf!up!puifs!
epdvnfout!jt!sfbtpobcmf-!uifjs!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft!eje!opu!
dpoubjo!sfgfsfodft!up!uiptf!sfmfwbou!epdvnfout/!
Ubcmf!2
Uif!MFB!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo!Qpmjdjft!Xf!Sfwjfxfe!Mbdlfe!Dsvdjbm!Fmfnfout!
LFSO!IJHI! VLJBI!HBUFXBZ!SFEXPPET!IFBSUMBOE! SFRVJSFNFOU!PS!CFTU!QSBDUJDFTDIPPM! VOJGJFEVOJGJFEDIBSUFSDIBSUFS+DIBSUFS+ EJTUSJDU+
Sfrvjsfnfout!jo!Tubuf!Mbx
Beesfttft!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo-!joufswfoujpo-!boe!
qptuwfoujpo!qspdfevsft
Beesfttft!offet!pg!bu.sjtl!hspvqt-!tvdi!bt!MHCUR!zpvui!
boe!zpvui!jo!gptufs!dbsf
Dpotusvdufe!jo!dpotvmubujpo!xjui!dpnnvojuz!
tublfipmefst
Fevdbujpot!Cftu!Qsbdujdft
Jodmveft!qspwjtjpo!up!tibsf!qpmjdz!boe!puifs!
jogpsnbujpo!xjui!qbsfout-!hvbsejbot-!boe!dbsfhjwfst
Bqqpjout!bo!joejwjevbm!ps!ufbn!up!tfswf!bt!b!tvjdjef!
ps!tvtqfdufe!tvjdjebm!joufoujpot
Sfrvjsft!boovbm!qspgfttjpobm!efwfmpqnfou!usbjojoh!
Pvumjoft!ipx!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!fevdbujpo!xjmm!cf!
qspwjefe!up!tuvefout
Sfrvjsft!ftubcmjtinfou!pg!b!qptuwfoujpo!sftqpotf!ufbn
Jodmveft!bo!bdujpo!qmbo!gps!jo.tdippm!tvjdjef!buufnqut
Jodmveft!bo!bdujpo!qmbo!gps!pvu.pg.tdippm!
Tpvsdf;!Tubuf!mbx-!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!nbufsjbmt!gspn!Fevdbujpo-!boe!MFB!qpmjdjft/
Opuf;!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz!jt!mpdbufe!bu!iuuqt;00ujozvsm/dpn0tvjdjefqsfwfoujpoDB/
Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs!jt!b!ipnf.tuvez!tdippm!boe!epft!opu!ibwf!qspupdpmt!gps!jo.tdippm!tvjdjef!buufnqut/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 2:
Tfqufncfs!3131
Bmuipvhi!Fevdbujpo t!qsphsbn!dpotvmubou!gps!nfoubm!ifbmui!
tfswjdft!)qsphsbn!dpotvmubou*!cfmjfwft!uibu!uif!Tdippm!Cpbset!
qpmjdz!pnjut!tfwfsbm!cftu!qsbdujdft!uibu!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!jodmveft/!
Gps!fybnqmf-!uif!Tdippm!Cpbset!Bttpdjbujpo t!qpmjdz!ejtdvttfe!
tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!cvu!eje!opu!sfdpnnfoe!uibu!MFBt!
qspwjef!ju!boovbmmz!bt!uif!npefm!epft/!Jo!beejujpo-!uif!qpmjdz!eje!
opu!beesftt!dsfbujoh!bo!bdujpo!qmbo!gps!jodjefout!pg!tvjdjef!ps!
tfmg.ibsn!uibu!pddvs!pvutjef!pg!tdippm/!Bddpsejoh!up!uif!qsphsbn!
dpotvmubou-!MFBt!tipvme!bepqu!spcvtu!qpmjdjft!up!fotvsf!uibu!uif!
tdippmt!ibwf!befrvbuf!qspdfttft!boe!usbjojoh!jo!qmbdf!up!sftqpoe!up!
nfoubm!ifbmui!dsjtft/!Opofuifmftt-!bo!bttjtubou!fyfdvujwf!ejsfdups!bu!
uif!Tdippm!Cpbset!Bttpdjbujpo!tubufe!uibu!nptu!pg!uif!Tubuft!tdippm!
Cpbset!Bttpdjbujpo t!npefm-!boe!nboz!nbz!ibwf!sfmjfe!po!ju!xifo!
efwfmpqjoh!uifjs!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft/!Xjeftqsfbe!sfmjbodf!
po!b!qpmjdz!uibu!epft!opu!jodmvef!nboz!cftu!qsbdujdft!nbz!nfbo!
uibu!ovnfspvt!MFBt!ep!opu!ibwf!uif!cftu!uppmt!
Hspvqt!Uibu!MFBt!Nvtu!ps!Tipvme!Dpotvmu!Xifo!
Efwfmpqjoh!MFB!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo!Qpmjdjft! Bddpsejoh!up!pof!pg!Fevdbujpo(t!qsphsbn!
dpotvmubout-!uif!Tdippm!Cpbset!Bttpdjbujpo!
Tubuf!mbx!sfrvjsft!MFBt!up!efwfmpq!uifjs!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo! efwfmpqfe!jut!npefm!xjuipvu!dpmmbcpsbujoh!xjui!
qpmjdjft!jo!dpotvmubujpo!xjui!gpvs!hspvqt; Fevdbujpo/!Bmuipvhi!uif!qsphsbn!dpotvmubou!xbt!
Tdippm!tublfipmefstbxbsf!pg!uif!bmufsobujwf!qpmjdz-!Fevdbujpo!ibt!opu!
dpoubdufe!uif!Tdippm!Cpbset!Bttpdjbujpo!up!fotvsf! Dpnnvojuz!tublfipmefst
uibu!uif!qpmjdz!dpoubjot!ofdfttbsz!sfrvjsfnfout!
Tdippm.fnqmpzfe!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt
bdlopxmfehfe!uibu!jodsfbtfe!dppsejobujpo!dpvme! Tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!fyqfsut
Fevdbujpot!npefm!qpmjdz!qspwjeft!uif!gpmmpxjoh!fybnqmft! bttfsufe!uibu!Fevdbujpo!joufoet!up!dpoubdu!uif!
bttpdjbujpo!jo!uif!gvuvsf!cvu!eje!opu!ibwf!ujnf!up!ep! qmboojoh-!jnqmfnfoujoh-!boe!fwbmvbujoh!tusbufhjft!gps!
tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!boe!joufswfoujpo;
Tdippm.fnqmpzfe!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!)tvdi!
bt!tdippm!dpvotfmpst-!qtzdipmphjtut-!tpdjbm!xpslfst-! Jo!beejujpo-!opof!pg!uif!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!dpvme! boe!ovstft* efnpotusbuf!uibu!uifz!pcubjofe!gffecbdl!gspn!bmm!
Benjojtusbupstpg!uif!sfmfwbou!tublfipmefst!xifo!dpotusvdujoh!
Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz!jefoujgz!uif!hspvqt!uibu!
Qbsfout0hvbsejbot0dbsfhjwfstMFBt!nvtu!ps!tipvme!jowpmwf!xifo!efwfmpqjoh!
Tuvefouttvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft/!Ipxfwfs-!xf!gpvoe!
uibu!uif!bduvbm!tublfipmefst!boe!fyqfsut!uibu!MFBt! Mpdbm!ifbmui!bhfodjft!boe!qspgfttjpobmt
jowpmwfe!wbsjfe/!Gps!fybnqmf-!Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!
Mbx!fogpsdfnfouEjtusjdu!dpowfofe!b!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!dpnnjuuff!
uibu!jodmvefe!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt-! Dpnnvojuz!pshboj{bujpot
tdippm!ejtusjdu!mbx!fogpsdfnfou!sfqsftfoubujwft-!
Tpvsdf;Tubuf!mbx!boe!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz/
31 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
fyqmbjofe!uibu!uif!MFB!qsjnbsjmz!sfmjfe!po!jut!cpbse!boe!tdippm!
dpvotfmpst!up!bqqspwf!boe!vqebuf!jut!qpmjdz/!Jo!qbsujdvmbs-!xf!opufe!
uibu!uif!MFBt!hfofsbmmz!eje!opu!jowpmwf!dpnnvojuz!tublfipmefst!
ps!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!fyqfsut/!Pomz!Sfexppet!Dibsufs!xbt!
bcmf!up!efnpotusbuf!uibu!ju!jowpmwfe!b!sfqsftfoubujwf!gspn!b!
tublfipmefst/!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufst!fyfdvujwf!ejsfdups!fyqmbjofe!uibu!
uif!dibsufs!tdippm!pshboj{bujpo!up!xijdi!ju!qsfwjpvtmz!cfmpohfe!
qspwjefe!uif!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdz!boe!uibu!Ifbsumboe!
Dibsufs!xbt!vobxbsf!pg!uif!sfrvjsfnfout!up!dpotvmu!tublfipmefst/!
uibu!bmuipvhi!uif!ejtusjdu!eje!dpotvmu!xjui!mpdbm!dpnnvojuz!
pshboj{bujpot!boe!uif!dpvouz(t!efqbsunfou!pg!qvcmjd!ifbmui-!ju!
eje!opu!lffq!sfdpset!pg!uif!nffujoht/!Benjojtusbupst!bu!Hbufxbz!
qpmjdz/!Ipxfwfs-!uif!MFBt dpotjtufou!gbjmvsf!up!jodmvef!dpnnvojuz!
epjoh!tp/!Gps!fybnqmf-!joejwjevbmt!jo!dfsubjo!hspvqt!bu!ijhifs!sjtl!
jowpmwfnfou!nbz!sftvmu!jo!tpnf!MFBt qpmjdjft!gbjmjoh!up!nffu!uif!
Tpnf!MFBt!Xf!Sfwjfxfe!Ibwf!Opu!Qspwjefe!Befrvbuf!Usbjojoh!up!
Uif!MFBt jobefrvbuf!usbjojoh!
qsphsbnt!nbz!mjnju!uif!
nboebuf!usbjojoh!gps!tdippm!qfstpoofm-!tubuf!mbx!epft!pvumjof!
xijdi!fmfnfout!tvdi!usbjojoh!nvtu!jodmvef!jg!MFBt!qspwjef!ju
tvdi!bt!jefoujgzjoh!tdippm.cbtfe!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!boe!ipx!
up!sfgfs!tuvefout!up!uifn/!Jo!beejujpo-!b!ovncfs!pg!pshboj{bujpot!
sfdpnnfoe!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!gps!bmm!qfstpoofm/!Ipxfwfs-!
pomz!pof!pg!uif!tjy!MFBt!qspwjefe!usbjojoh!up!uifjs!gbdvmuz!boe!
tdippm!zfbs!cfhbo/!Gvsuifs-!tpnf!MFBt!qspwjefe!pomz!mjnjufe!
fevdbujpo!up!tuvefout!sfhbsejoh!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo-!fwfo!uipvhi!
tuvefout!xjui!tvjdjef!fevdbujpo!boe!jnqspwfnfout!jo!gbdupst!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 32
Tfqufncfs!3131
boe!Bttjtujoh!Tuvefout!bu!Sjtl!pg!Tvjdjef!
Cfdbvtf!tdippm!qfstpoofm!bsf!jo!bo!jefbm!qptjujpo!up!pctfswf!
tuvefou!cfibwjps!boe!up!sfdphoj{f!boe!sftqpoe!up!tjhot!pg!dsjtft-!
jodmvejoh!uif!Bnfsjdbo!Gpvoebujpo!gps!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo-!
sfdpnnfoet!qspwjejoh!bmm!tdippm!qfstpoofm!xjui!usbjojoh!sfhbsejoh!
zpvui!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo/!Tjnjmbsmz-!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz!
gbdupst!boe!sjtl!gbdupst!boe!uibu!MFBt!jefoujgz!mpdbm!qpqvmbujpot!pg!
tuvefout!xip!bsf!bu!bo!fmfwbufe!sjtl!gps!tvjdjef-!jodmvejoh!MHCUR!
zpvui/!Bmuipvhi!tubuf!mbx!epft!opu!nboebuf!usbjojoh!po!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo-!ju!epft!sfrvjsf!uibu!jg!MFBt!dpoevdu!tvdi!usbjojoh-!uif!
usbjojoh!nbufsjbmt!nvtu!jodmvef!jogpsnbujpo!po!ipx!up!jefoujgz!
bqqspqsjbuf!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdftcpui!bu!uif!tdippm!tjuf!boe!
xjuijo!uif!mbshfs!dpnnvojuz boe!xifo!boe!ipx!up!sfgfs!zpvui!
boe!uifjs!gbnjmjft!up!uiptf!tfswjdft/!
Bmuipvhi!bmm!tjy!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!qspwjefe!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
pof!ps!npsf!pg!uif!fmfnfout!jo!tubuf!mbx!ps!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!
qpmjdz/!
up!jefoujgz!boe!bttjtu!tuvefout!bu!sjtl!pg!tfmg.ibsn!boe!tvjdjef/!
jefoujgz!boe!bttjtu!tuvefout!bu!sjtl!
pg!tfmg.ibsn!boe!tvjdjef/
nbufsjbmt!uibu!eje!opu!jodmvef!jogpsnbujpo!po!dpnnvojuz.cbtfe!
nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!boe!qspdfevsft!gps!sfgfssjoh!tuvefout!
gps!bttfttjoh!tuvefout!xip!bsf!bu!sjtl!pg!ibsnjoh!uifntfmwft!ps!
puifst-!bt!xfmm!bt!bmufsobujwft!jg!uif!jojujbm!dpoubdu!jt!opu!sfbejmz!
bo!jnnfejbuf!sfgfssbm!boe!eftdsjcf!uif!nfoubm!ifbmui!sftpvsdft!
33 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Ubcmf!3
Tubuf!Mbx!boe!Fevdbujpot!Cftu!Qsbdujdft
LFSO!IJHI! VLJBI!HBUFXBZ!SFEXPPET!IFBSUMBOE! TDIPPM! VOJGJFEVOJGJFEDIBSUFSDIBSUFSDIBSUFSEJTUSJDU
Tubuf!mbx!sfrvjsft!usbjojoh!up;
Jefoujgz!tdippm.cbtfe!nfoubm!ifbmui!
tfswjdft!boe!xifo!boe!ipx!up!sfgfs!
tuvefout!up!uifn
Jefoujgz!dpnnvojuz.cbtfe!nfoubm!
ifbmui!tfswjdft!boe!xifo!boe!ipx!up!
sfgfs!tuvefout!up!uifn
Fevdbujpo!sfdpnnfoet!usbjojoh!up;
Ejtdvtt!ijhi.sjtl!hspvqt
Ejtdvtt!bmm!uisff!fmfnfout!pg!tvjdjef!
gbdupst-!boe!qspufdujwf!gbdupst
tfmg.ibsn!jodjefout!boe!tvjdjeft!
xjuijo!uif!MFBt!sfhjpo
Tpvsdf;!Bobmztjt!pg!tubuf!mbx-!Fevdbujpo t!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!npefm!qpmjdz-!joufswjfxt!xjui!Fevdbujpo!qfstpoofm-!boe!bdbefnjd!zfbs!312:31!usbjojoh!
nbufsjbmt!bu!uif!tjy!MFBt/
Jo!beejujpo-!bmm!pg!uif!MFB!usbjojoh!qsphsbnt!xf!sfwjfxfe!mbdlfe!
pof!ps!npsf!pg!uif!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!boe!fevdbujpo!
Fevdbujpo!sfdpnnfoet!uibu!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!jodmvef!
ejtdvttjpo!pg!tvjdjef!sjtl!gbdupst-!xbsojoh!gbdupst-!boe!qspufdujwf!
Zpvui!xip!bsf!dpoufnqmbujoh!tvjdjef!gsfrvfoumz!fyijcju!tjhot!
xbsojoh!tjhot!bsf!jo!lfz!qptjujpot!up!pcubjo!ifmq!boe!qsfwfou!
Fwfo!uipvhi!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz!joejdbuft!uibu!usbjojoh!
tipvme!jodmvef!beejujpobm!jogpsnbujpo!sfhbsejoh!ijhi.sjtl!hspvqt!
pg!tuvefout-!tvdi!bt!MHCUR!zpvui-!uisff!MFBt!uibu!qspwjefe!
pg!uif!V/T/!Tvshfpo!Hfofsbm!boe!uif!Obujpobm!Bdujpo!Bmmjbodf!gps!
Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo-!tpnf!sjtl!boe!qspufdujwf!gbdupst!nbz!cf!npsf!
pg!jut!tuvefout!xip!ibwf!buufnqufe!ps!ibwf!dpotjefsfe!tvjdjef!
dbufhpsj{fe!cz!hfoefs-!tfyvbm!psjfoubujpo-!boe!sbdf/!Xifo!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 34
Tfqufncfs!3131
pg!jut!Gjmjqjop!njeemf!tdippm!qpqvmbujpo!ibe!tfsjpvtmz!dpotjefsfe!
ep!opu!jefoujgz!boe!qspwjef!usbjojoh!sfmbufe!up!ijhi.sjtl!hspvqt-!
sjtl!gbdupst-!boe!sftpvsdft-!xijdi!nbz!jnqfef!uifjs!bcjmjuz!up!
sfevdf!tvjdjef!sjtl!jo!uif!qpqvmbujpot!uibu!nptu!offe!uif!ifmq/!
Ubcmf!4
LFZ!FMFNFOUTEFTDSJQUJPOFYBNQMFTJNQBDU!PG!USBJOJOH
Sjtl!gbdupstDibsbdufsjtujdt!pg!b!Qsjps!tvjdjef!buufnqu)t*
tuvefou!uibu!jodsfbtf!uif!sjtl!gbdupst!boe!dbo!lffq!xbudi!gps! Nfoubm!ejtpsefs)t*
mjlfmjippe!pg!tvjdjef/dibohft!jo!uifjs!cfibwjps/
Bddftt!up!mfuibm!nfbot!pg!ibsn
Xbsojoh!gbdupstCfibwjpst!uibu!joejdbuf!Hjwjoh!bxbz!qsj{fe!qpttfttjpot
jnnfejbuf!sjtl!gps!tuvefout!xip!tipx!tjhot!pg!tvjdjebm! Tfbsdijoh!pomjof!gps!nfuipet!up!foe!mjgf
tvjdjef/uijoljoh!boe!dbo!ublf!jnnfejbuf!tufqt!
Tipxjoh!sbhf!ps!ejtqmbzjoh!fyusfnf!nppe!txjoht up!ifmq/
Qspufdujwf!gbdupstDibsbdufsjtujdt!uibu!ifmq!
qspufdu!b!tuvefou!gspn!foibodft!qspufdujwf!gbdupst!boe! Dpoofdufeoftt!up!gbnjmz!boe!dpnnvojuz
tvjdjef/sfevdft!mjlfmjippe!pg!tvjdjef!buufnqut/
Tpvsdf;!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz-!IFBSE!Bmmjbodf t!Uppmlju!gps!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Qspnpujpo!boe!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo-!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo!Sftpvsdf!Dfoufs t!
xfctjuf-!boe!Bnfsjdbo!Gpvoebujpo!gps!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo!xfctjuf/!
Tpnf!MFBt!bqqfbs!up!ibwf!qsjpsjuj{fe!dpowfojfodf!pwfs!dpnqmjbodf!
xjui!tubuf!mbx!boe!Fevdbujpo t!cftu!qsbdujdft!xifo!tfmfdujoh!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!nbufsjbmt/!Gps!fybnqmf-!bddpsejoh!up!uif!dibsufs!
tdippm!pshboj{bujpo!up!xijdi!ju!qsfwjpvtmz!cfmpohfe-!Ifbsumboe!
Dibsufs!tfmfdufe!uif!usbjojoh!wjefp!ju!vtft!gspn!b!mjtu!pg!pqujpot!
benjojtusbups!tubufe!uibu!ju!diptf!jut!pomjof!usbjojoh!qsphsbnfwfo!
uipvhi!ju!mbdlfe!dfsubjo!fmfnfoutcfdbvtf!ju!bmmpxfe!fnqmpzfft!
up!fbtjmz!dpnqmfuf!b!ovncfs!pg!sfrvjsfe!usbjojoht!cfgpsf!uif!tubsu!
pg!uif!bdbefnjd!zfbs/!Xifo!xf!ejtdvttfe!njttjoh!fmfnfout!jo!
uif!njttjoh!dpodfqut/!Ipxfwfs-!cfdbvtf!uijt!jogpsnbujpo!xbt!
opu!jodmvefe!jo!uif!usbjojoh-!ju!jt!opu!dmfbs!jg!ju!xbt!qspwjefe!up!bmm!
uifjs!usbjojoht!nffu!sfrvjsfnfout!jo!tubuf!mbx!boe!cftu!qsbdujdft-!
ofdfttbsz!up!sftqpoe!bqqspqsjbufmz!xifo!tuvefout!bsf!bu!sjtl!
35 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Tpnf!pg!uif!MFBt!Xf!Sfwjfxfe!Eje!Opu!Qspwjef!Usbjojoh!up!Bmm!Ufbdifst!
Pomz!gpvs!pg!uif!tjy!MFBt!qspwjefe!usbjojoh!up!cpui!ufbdifst!
qspwjefe!up!bmm!bevmut!bu!tdippm!tjuft!bu!mfbtu!boovbmmz/!Xf!sfwjfxfe!
uif!usbjojoh!qspwjefe!cz!pof!tdippm!pwfstffo!cz!fbdi!pg!uif!
nfncfst!jo!opoufbdijoh!boe!tvqqpsu!qptjujpot-!tvdi!bt!dpbdift-!
tfdvsjuz!hvbset-!boe!tfdsfubsjft-!up!sfdfjwf!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
usbjojoh!cfdbvtf!uifz!bsf!offefe!up!tvqfswjtf!uif!tuvefout!xijmf!
bmufsobujwf!fevdbujpo-!po!uif!puifs!iboe-!tubufe!uibu!cz!qspwjejoh!
usbjojoh!up!ufbdifst-!uif!ejtusjdut!qpmjdz!fydffet!uif!Tubuft!
sfrvjsfnfout/!Bmuipvhi!qspwjejoh!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!
b!tdippm!dpnnvojdbuf!xjui!jut!tuvefout!uispvhipvu!uif!ebz/!Jo!
qvcmjd!tdippmt!tvhhftufe!uibu!tdippm!ejtusjdut!tipvme!ufbdi!fwfszpof!
boe!dbgfufsjb!xpslfstipx!up!jefoujgz!boe!sftqpoe!up!b!tuvefou!jo!
dsjtjt!boe!xibu!sftpvsdft!bsf!bwbjmbcmf/!
Ubcmf!5
Evsjoh!Bdbefnjd!Zfbs!312:31
TBO!LFSO!IJHI! VLJBI!HBUFXBZ!SFEXPPET!IFBSUMBOE! GSBODJTDP!TDIPPM! VOJGJFEDIBSUFSDIBSUFSDIBSUFSVOJGJFEEJTUSJDU
DJWJD!DFOUFS!! HBUFXBZ!BDDFMFSBUFE!IFBSUMBOE! VLJBI!CBLFSTGJFME! TFDPOEBSZ!QVCMJD!IJHI!BDIJFWFNFOU!DIBSUFS! IJHI!TDIPPM! IJHI!TDIPPMTDIPPM!TDIPPMBDBEFNZTDIPPM
Qspwjefe!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!up!
ufbdifst
Qspwjefe!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!up!
Qspwjefe!usbjojoh!
xjuijo!uisff!
npouit!pg!tuvefout!
Tpvsdf;!
Opuf;!Xf!tfmfdufe!pof!tdippm!gps!sfwjfx!gspn!fbdi!MFB!xf!wjtjufe/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 36
Tfqufncfs!3131
Tpnf!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!bmtp!eje!opu!fotvsf!uibu!ufbdifst!boe!
nboofs-!xijdi!nbz!ibwf!mjnjufe!uif!jnqbdu!pg!uif!usbjojoh/!
Vljbi!Ijhi!Tdippm!eje!opu!qspwjef!usbjojoh!voujm!npsf!uibo!
cfgpsf!qspwjejoh!uif!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!cfdbvtf!tubuf!mbx!
Tfdpoebsz!Tdippm!tubufe!uibu!if!eje!opu!qspwjef!uif!usbjojoh!voujm!
tjy!npouit!bgufs!tuvefout!cfhbo!buufoejoh!dmbttft!cfdbvtf!if!eje!
Ipxfwfs-!jg!ufbdifst-!tdippm!Jg!uiptf!xip!xpsl!dmptfmz!xjui!
dpvotfmpst-!boe!puifst!xip!xpsl!dmptfmz!xjui!tuvefout!ep!opu!tuvefout!ep!opu!sfdfjwf!usbjojoh!
sfdfjwf!usbjojoh!jo!b!ujnfmz!gbtijpo-!uifz!nbz!cf!jmm.frvjqqfe!up!tqpu!jo!b!ujnfmz!gbtijpo-!uifz!nbz!cf!
jmm.frvjqqfe!up!tqpu!uif!tjhot!pg!b! uif!tjhot!pg!b!tuvefou!jo!ejtusftt!evsjoh!b!qfsjpe!xifo!uif!sbuf!pg!
tuvefou!jo!ejtusftt/ zpvui!tvjdjef!ibt!ijtupsjdbmmz!jodsfbtfe/!
Tpnf!pg!uif!MFBt!Xf!Sfwjfxfe!Bsf!Opu!Fevdbujoh!Tuvefout!po!Tvjdjef!
Bxbsfoftt!boe!Qsfwfoujpo
tuvefout!xjui!dpnqsfifotjwf!tvjdjef!bxbsfoftt!boe!qsfwfoujpo!
cfuxffo!qspwjejoh!tuvefou!tvjdjef!fevdbujpo!boe!jnqspwfnfout!
tuvez!pg!Dpoofdujdvu!ijhi!tdippm!tuvefout!gpvoe!uibu!b!qsphsbn!
joufoefe!up!jodsfbtf!uif!tuvefout bcjmjujft!up!jefoujgz!xbsojoh!tjhot!
pg!tvjdjef!boe!efqsfttjpo!boe!up!voefstuboe!uif!jnqpsubodf!pg!
buufnqut!pwfs!uif!gpmmpxjoh!uisff!npouit/!Ju!bmtp!sftvmufe!jo!npsf!
gbwpsbcmf!tuvefou!buujuveft!upxbse!tffljoh!ifmq!gps!uifntfmwft!boe!
gsjfoet/!Fevdbujpo!sfdpnnfoet!uibu!MFBt!qspwjef!efwfmpqnfoubmmz!
bqqspqsjbuf!dvssjdvmvn!up!tuvefout!bcpvu!uif!xbsojoh!tjhot!
pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!jttvft-!jodmvejoh!tvjdjef/!Bmuipvhi!tvdi!b!
dvssjdvmvn!fodpvsbhft!tuvefout!up!tffl!boe!sfdfjwf!qpufoujbmmz!
mjgftbwjoh!tfswjdft-!tubuf!mbx!epft!opu!dvssfoumz!sfrvjsf!MFB!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft!up!beesftt!tfmg.ibsn!ps!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
fevdbujpo!gps!tuvefout/
37 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
fevdbujoh!tuvefout!bcpvu!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo/!Hbufxbz!Dibsufs-!
tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!mfttpot!joup!tuvefou!dvssjdvmb/!Jo!dpousbtu-!
qspwjtjpo!pg!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!fevdbujpo!bt!qbsu!pg!jut!ifbmui!
dvssjdvmvn-!jut!ejsfdups!pg!bmufsobujwf!fevdbujpo!benjuufe!uibu!jo!
qsbdujdf!ju!jt!opu!dpotjtufoumz!qspwjefe/!Nfboxijmf-!Sfexppet!
Dibsufs!fyqmbjofe!uibu!ju!epft!opu!sfrvjsf!boz!tvjdjef.sfmbufe!
mfttpot!cfgpsf!tuvefout tfojps!zfbs/!Sfexppet!Dibsufst!dpejsfdups!
fyqmbjofe!uibu!xijmf!uif!tdippmt!qpmjdjft!ep!opu!sfrvjsf!tuvefou!
pvusfbdi!bdujwjujft-!tvdi!bt!tuvefou.pshboj{fe!dpnqjmbujpot!pg!
nfoubm!ifbmui!sftpvsdft!uibu!sftvmufe!jo!ufbdifs.mfe!ejtdvttjpot/!
Ipxfwfs-!xf!rvftujpo!uif!wbmvf!pg!uijt!bqqspbdi!cfdbvtf!fotvsjoh!
uibu!tuvefout!sfdfjwf!dpnqsfifotjwf!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!fevdbujpo!
jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!Fevdbujpo t!cftu!qsbdujdft!nbz!ifmq!sfevdf!uif!
tujhnb!bttpdjbufe!xjui!tffljoh!ifmq!boe!jodsfbtf!uif!ovncfs!pg!
tuvefout!xip!tffl!bttjtubodf/
Xf!bmtp!ibwf!dpodfsot!bcpvu!uif!bqqspbdi!uibu!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs!
vtfe/!Bt!uif!Jouspevdujpo!eftdsjcft-!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs!dpoevdut!
nvdi!pg!jut!jotusvdujpo!uispvhi!ejtubodf!mfbsojoh/!Cfdbvtf!pg!uif!
mjnjufe!jo.qfstpo!joufsbdujpo!cfuxffo!jotusvdupst!boe!tuvefout-!
xf!fyqfdufe!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs!up!qspwjef!b!spcvtu!tuvefou!
fevdbujpo!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qsphsbn!up!fotvsf!uibu!jut!tuvefout!
bsf!dpngpsubcmf!dpoubdujoh!bo!bevmu!jg!uifz!bsf!fyqfsjfodjoh!
b!nfoubm!ifbmui!dsjtjt/!Ipxfwfs-!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs!eje!opu!
qspwjef!boz!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!fevdbujpo!up!jut!tuvefout!xifo!xf!
jojujbmmz!tqplf!up!tdippm!sfqsftfoubujwft/!Bddpsejoh!up!Ifbsumboe!
Dibsufst!fyfdvujwf!ejsfdups-!ju!hfofsbmmz!epft!opu!qspwjef!tuboebse!
dvssjdvmb!up!bmm!jut!tuvefout!cfdbvtf!epjoh!tp!xpvme!cf!dpousbsz!
up!jut!tusvduvsf!bt!b!ipnf.tuvez!tdippm/!Bgufs!ejtdvttjoh!uijt!
jttvf!xjui!uif!bveju!ufbn-!uif!fyfdvujwf!ejsfdups!joejdbufe!uibu!
tif!xpvme!fyqmpsf!beejoh!dvssjdvmvn!fmfnfout!sfmbufe!up!tvjdjef!
Pnjttjpo!pg!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo! Xf!bsf!dpodfsofe!uibu!tvdi!pnjttjpot!nbz!pddvs!jo!puifs!ejtubodf!
fevdbujpo!nbz!pddvs!jo!ejtubodf! mfbsojoh!fowjsponfout-!qbsujdvmbsmz!bt!nboz!pg!uif!Tubuft!MFBt!
mfbsojoh!fowjsponfout!bt!ju!eje!bu! ibwf!usbotjujpofe!up!ejtubodf!mfbsojoh!sfdfoumz!cfdbvtf!pg!uif!
Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs-!qbsujdvmbsmz!
bt!nboz!pg!uif!Tubuft!MFBt!ibwf! uibu!Fevdbujpo!jt!jo!uif!qspdftt!pg!dsfbujoh!jogpsnbujpo!sfhbsejoh!
usbotjujpofe!up!ejtubodf!mfbsojoh! tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!up!ejtusjcvuf!up!fevdbupst!boe!qbsfout-!cvu!
hvjebodf!boe!sftpvsdft-!uif!mbdl!pg!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!fevdbujpo!
dpoevdujoh!jotusvdujpo!uispvhi!ejtubodf!mfbsojoh/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 38
Tfqufncfs!3131
bo!Pomjof!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo!Usbjojoh!Qsphsbn-!cvu!Gfx!MFBt!Xjmm!Ibwf!
Bddftt!up!Ju
Bddpsejoh!up!Fevdbujpo t!qsphsbn!dpotvmubou-!nboz!MFBt!tusvhhmf!
cfdbvtf!pg!b!mbdl!pg!gvoejoh/!Gps!fybnqmf-!Sfexppet!Dibsufst!
jo!jefoujgzjoh!bwbjmbcmf!usbjojoh!jo!uif!Vljbi!bsfb-!uif!tdippm!
fodpvsbhft!jut!ufbdifst!up!buufoe!b!usbjojoh!uibu!uif!Nfoepdjop!
qspkfdut!nbobhfs!qpjoufe!pvu!uibu!bmuipvhi!tpnf!MFBt!sfmz!po!
uibu!gsff!usbjojoh-!puifst!ep!opu!ublf!bewboubhf!pg!ju!cfdbvtf!pg!uif!
mjnjufe!bwbjmbcjmjuz!pg!tvctujuvuf!ufbdifst!boe!uif!dptut!bttpdjbufe!
xjui!ijsjoh!uifn!xijmf!uifjs!ufbdifst!bsf!bu!uif!usbjojoh/!Tif!bmtp!
sbuifs!jt!eftjhofe!up!ufbdi!qbsujdjqbout!ipx!up!ifmq!bepmftdfout!
fyqfsjfodjoh!nfoubm!ifbmui!ps!beejdujpo!dibmmfohft/!Fevdbujpo t!
qsphsbn!dpotvmubou!fyqmbjofe!uibu!uif!usbjojoh!jo!rvftujpo!jt!cbtjd!
jo!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz-!boe!tipvme!opu!cf!vtfe!bt!bo!MFBt!
boovbm!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh/!
usbjojoh!fyufoet!cfzpoe!uif!MFBt!jo!Nfoepdjop!Dpvouz/!
Bddpsejoh!up!uif!qsphsbn!dpotvmubou!bu!Fevdbujpo-!nboz!MFBt-!Nboz!MFBt!ep!opu!ibwf!uif!
jodmvejoh!tpnf!jo!svsbm!dpvoujft!tvdi!bt!Usjojuz!boe!Nfoepdjop!sftpvsdft!up!ftubcmjti!uifjs!pxo!
dpvoujft-!bt!xfmm!bt!puifst!jo!vscbo!dpvoujft!tvdi!bt!Mpt!Bohfmft-!
ujnf!up!ublf!uif!usbjojoh/ Psbohf-!boe!Dpousb!Dptub-!ep!opu!ibwf!uif!sftpvsdft!up!ftubcmjti!
sftqpoejoh!up!ejtusfttfe!zpvui/!Xjuipvu!befrvbuf!usbjojoh-!MFBt!
bqqspqsjbufmz!up!tuvefout!bu!sjtl!pg!tfmg.ibsn!boe!tvjdjef/!
b!tubuf!mbx!sfrvjsjoh!Fevdbujpo!up!jefoujgz!bo!pomjof!usbjojoh!
boe!ejttfnjobuf!uif!qsphsbn!up!puifs!MFBt!tubufxjef-!boe!uif!
pomjof!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!qsphsbn/!TEDPF!foufsfe!joup!
39 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
qfstpoofm!boe!tuvefout/!Bddpsejoh!up!Fevdbujpo-!uif!gvoejoh!
uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!bqqspqsjbufe!dpvme!opu!nffu!uif!usbjojoh!offet!
cvu!ju!jt!bewpdbujoh!gps!uif!Tubuf!up!dpoujovf!gvoejoh!uif!usbjojoh!
qsphsbn!jo!tvctfrvfou!zfbst/!Ipxfwfs-!xf!rvftujpo!xifuifs!
uif!sbuf!uif!wfoeps!dibshfe!gps!uif!mjdfotft-!ju!xjmm!dptu!npsf!
Uif!usbjojoh!Fevdbujpo!ibt!tfmfdufe!
xjmm!dvssfoumz!cf!qspwjefe!up!b!tnbmm!
qspqpsujpo!pg!uif!Tubuft!ufbdifst!
tuvefout/!Dpotfrvfoumz-!nboz!MFBt!nvtu!dpoujovf!up!sfmz!po!
jo!fbdi!dpvouzxijmf!nboz!MFBt!uifjs!dvssfou!usbjojoht/!Gvsuifs-!Fevdbujpo t!qsphsbn!dpotvmubou!
nvtu!dpoujovf!up!sfmz!po!uifjs!
dvssfou!usbjojoht/uifjs!pxo!usbjojoh!bmsfbez!ps!dpousbdu!uispvhi!b!wfoeps-!boe!
mjdfotft!bsf!vtfe/!Bt!xf!eftdsjcf!qsfwjpvtmz-!fbdi!pg!uif!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoht!qspwjefe!cz!uif!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!mbdlfe!
pof!ps!npsf!pg!uif!fmfnfout!eftdsjcfe!jo!tubuf!mbx!ps!Fevdbujpo t!
cftu!qsbdujdft/!Ipxfwfs-!cfdbvtf!opof!pg!uif!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!
jodpsqpsbufe!bmm!pg!uif!fmfnfout!jo!uifjs!usbjojoht-!ju!jt!mjlfmz!uibu!
nboz!puifs!MFBt!uispvhipvu!uif!Tubuf!bsf!bmtp!qspwjejoh!usbjojoh!
uibu!mbdlt!pof!ps!npsf!pg!uif!fmfnfout!uibu!uif!mbx!sfrvjsft/!Up!
fotvsf!uibu!uiftf!usbjojoht!befrvbufmz!beesftt!uif!offet!pg!bu.sjtl!
tuvefout-!Fevdbujpo!tipvme!sfbdi!pvu!up!MFBt!uispvhipvu!uif!
Tubuf!up!fodpvsbhf!uifn!up!bepqu!uif!mfhbmmz!sfrvjsfe!fmfnfout/
Opof!pg!uif!Tubuft!MFBt!Fnqmpz!uif!Sfdpnnfoefe!Ovncfs!pg!
Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Qspgfttjpobmt!
Opof!pg!uif!Tubuft!MFBt!fnqmpz!uif!sfdpnnfoefe!ovncfs!pg!
fbdi!uzqf!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobm!fwfo!uipvhi!sftfbsdi!
joejdbuft!uibu!bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!efdsfbtft!uif!
mjlfmjippe!pg!zpvui!tvjdjef/!Nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!qspwjef!
bdbefnjd-!dbsffs-!boe!qtzdipmphjdbm!dpvotfmjoh!up!tuvefout-!bt!
uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!sfrvjsfe!Fevdbujpo!up!qfsgpsn!b!dpnqsfifotjwf!
tuvez!up!efufsnjof!uif!bqqspqsjbuf!sbujpt!pg!tdippm!dpvotfmpst!
boe!puifs!tuvefou!tvqqpsu!tfswjdf!qfstpoofm!up!tuvefout!jo!
Dbmjgpsojb!tdippmt/!Cbtfe!po!sfdpnnfoebujpot!gspn!qspgfttjpobm!
bttpdjbujpot-!Fevdbujpo t!tuvez!ftubcmjtife!sfdpnnfoefe!nfoubm!
ifbmui!qspgfttjpobm.up.tuvefou!sbujpt!gps!uif!gpvs!qptjujpot!uif!
ufyu!cpy!eftdsjcft/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 3:
Tfqufncfs!3131
Sftfbsdi!joejdbuft!uibu!bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!
qspgfttjpobmt!efdsfbtft!uif!mjlfmjippe!pg!zpvui! Fevdbujpot!Sfdpnnfoefe!Sbujpt!pg!Nfoubm!
Ifbmui!Qspgfttjpobmt!up!Tuvefouttvjdjef/!Pof!tuvez!uibu!fybnjofe!uif!vtf!pg!ifbmui!
boe!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf!tfswjdft!bnpoh!zpvui!xip!
Tdippm!Dpvotfmpst;!2.up.361ejfe!cz!tvjdjef!boe!dpnqbsbcmf!zpvui!xip!eje!opu!
Qspwjef!bdbefnjd-!dbsffs-!qfstpobm-!boe!tpdjbm!
efwfmpqnfou!dpvotfmjoh!boe!hvjebodf/! efdsfbtfe!xifo!zpvui!ibe!npsf!gsfrvfou!nfoubm!
ifbmui!wjtjut/!Npsfpwfs-!sftfbsdi!ibt!tipxo!uibu! Bewpdbuf!gps!ijhi!bdbefnjd!bdijfwfnfou!boe!tpdjbm!
tdippm!dpvotfmpst pof!uzqf!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui! efwfmpqnfou/
qspgfttjpobm dbo!jnqspwf!bdbefnjd!pvudpnft!
Qspwjef!tdippmxjef!qsfwfoujpo!boe!joufswfoujpo! xijmf!bmtp!ifmqjoh!up!sfevdf!uif!sjtl!gbdupst!
tusbufhjft!boe!dpvotfmjoh!tfswjdft/ bttpdjbufe!xjui!ijhifs!sbuft!pg!tvjdjef-!tvdi!bt!
Tdippm!Qtzdipmphjtut;!2.up.2111jnqvmtjwf!ps!bhhsfttjwf!ufoefodjft-!jtpmbujpo-!boe!
b!ijtupsz!pg!bmdpipm!ps!tvctubodf!bcvtf/!Jo!gbdu-! Qfsgpsn!fevdbujpobm!bttfttnfout!up!jefoujgz!tqfdjbm!
tuvejft!ibwf!gpvoe!uibu!cfuufs!tuvefou.up.dpvotfmps! offet/
sbujpt!xfsf!bttpdjbufe!xjui!jnqspwfe!ejtdjqmjof-!
Eftjho!tusbufhjft!boe!qsphsbnt!up!beesftt!qspcmfnt! buufoebodf-!boe!hsbevbujpo!sbuft/!Gvsuifs-!
pg!bekvtunfou/
Qspwjef!qtzdipmphjdbm!dpvotfmjoh!boe!puifs! gps!tdippm!dpvotfmpst!ps!bepqujoh!b!njojnvn!
uifsbqfvujd!ufdiojrvft/ dpvotfmps.up.tuvefou!sbujp!jo!fmfnfoubsz!tdippmt!
sftvmufe!jo!gfxfs!ufbdifst!sfqpsujoh!qspcmfnt!xjui! Dppsejobuf!joufswfoujpo!tusbufhjft!gps!nbobhjoh!
joejwjevbm!boe!tdippmxjef!dsjtft/
Tdippm!Tpdjbm!Xpslfst;!2.up.911
Bttftt!ipnf-!tdippm-!qfstpobm-!boe!dpnnvojuz! pg!uif!MFBt!jo!uif!Tubuf!sfqpsufe!uibu!uifz!eje!
opu!fnqmpz!uif!sfdpnnfoefe!ovncfs!pg!nfoubm!
ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!jo!fwfo!b!tjohmf!dbufhpsz!evsjoh! Jefoujgz!boe!qspwjef!joufswfoujpo!tusbufhjft!gps!
dijmesfo!boe!uifjs!gbnjmjft-!jodmvejoh!dpvotfmjoh-!
dbtf!nbobhfnfou-!boe!dsjtjt!joufswfoujpo/
ebub!up!efufsnjof!xifuifs!uifz!nfu!Fevdbujpo t! Dppsejobuf!sftpvsdft!po!cfibmg!pg!tuvefout/
sfdpnnfoefe!sbujpt/!Xf!gpvoe!uibu!opof!pg!uif!
Tdippm!Ovstft;!2.up.861
Bttftt!boe!beesftt!qiztjdbm!offet!pg!tuvefout/
5nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobm!dbufhpsjft/!Jo!gbdu-!
Dppsejobuf!nfejdbm!usfbunfou!xjui-!bnpoh!puifst-!
qbsfout-!qsjnbsz!dbsf!qspwjefst-!boe!ufbdifst/ nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!jo!boz!pg!uif!gpvs!
Nblf!sfgfssbmt!gps!ofdfttbsz!tfswjdft/
ibwjoh!uif!sfdpnnfoefe!ovncfs!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui! Tpvsdf;Tubuf!mbx-!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Dpnnjttjpo!po!Ufbdifs!
Dsfefoujbmjoh!Qvqjm!Qfstpoofm!Tfswjdft!tuboebset-!boe! qspgfttjpobmt!jo!uif!joejwjevbm!dbufhpsjft!pg!tdippm!
Fevdbujpo t!sbujp!tuvez/ dpvotfmpst-!tdippm!ovstft-!boe!tdippm!tpdjbm!xpslfst-!
tvsqmvt!pg!dfsubjo!uzqft!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!
pof!boe!bobmz{fe!uif!ebub!vtjoh!uijt!cspbefs!dpncjofe!sbujp/!Fwfo!tp-!
5Xf!bhhsfhbufe!ebub!gspn!joejwjevbm!tdippmt!joup!uifjs!ejtusjdut ebub!boe!gspn!dibsufs!tdippmt!
joup!uifjs!bvuipsj{joh!bhfodjft ebub/
41 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Ubcmf!6
Uif!Tubuft!MFBt!Sfqpsufe!Fnqmpzjoh!Gfxfs!Uibo!uif!Sfdpnnfoefe!Ovncfs!pg!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Qspgfttjpobmt!
Evsjoh!uif!31292:!Bdbefnjd!Zfbs
OVNCFS!PG!UIF! SFDPNNFOEFE!QFSDFOUBHF!PG!OVNCFS!PG!UIF!QFSDFOUBHF!PG! 2145!MFBt!UIBU!NFU! UZQF!MFBt!UIBU!NFU!UIF!2145!MFBt!XJUI!OP!MFBt!XJUI!OP! UIF!SFDPNNFOEFE! SBUJPSFDPNNFOEFE!SBUJPQSPGFTTJPOBMTQSPGFTTJPOBMTSBUJP
2;361444&46145& Tdippm!dpvotfmpst
2;86139465864Tdippm!ovstft
Tdippm!tpdjbm!xpslfst2;911222:48:2
2;21113593554453Tdippm!qtzdipmphjtut
1137136Nfu!bmm!gpvs!sbujpt
26;3111+464OBDpncjofe!sbujp+
Tpvsdf;!
Gps!fwfsz!3-111!tuvefout-!MFBt!tipvme!fnqmpz!b!dpncjofe!upubm!pg!26!tdippm!dpvotfmpst-!tdippm!ovstft-!tdippm!tpdjbm!xpslfst-!boe!tdippm!qtzdipmphjtut/!
Xifo!xf!btlfe!Fevdbujpo!xiz!tp!gfx!MFBt!nfu!uif!sfdpnnfoefe!
sbujpt-!pof!pg!jut!qsphsbn!dpotvmubout!tubufe!uibu!cvehfubsz!
dpotusbjout!mjnju!MFBt bcjmjuz!up!ijsf!boe!sfubjo!nfoubm!ifbmui!
qspgfttjpobmt/!Jo!beejujpo-!if!tbje!uibu!MFBt!gbdf!qsfttvsf!up!
mfwfsbhf!up!fbsnbsl!gvoet!up!ijsf!boe!sfubjo!nfoubm!ifbmui!
qvsqptft/!Opofuifmftt-!hjwfo!uibu!uif!Tubuft!sbuf!pg!zpvui!tvjdjef!
ibt!dpoujovfe!up!sjtf-!xf!bsf!dpodfsofe!uibu!MFBt!bsf!dpotjtufoumz!
qsjpsjuj{joh!puifs!fyqfoejuvsft/
Nvdi!mjlf!MFBt!jo!uif!sftu!pg!uif!Tubuf-!uif!tjy!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!
eje!opu!fnqmpz!uif!sfdpnnfoefe!ovncfs!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!
sfdpnnfoefe!sbujpt!pg!uif!tjy!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe/!Jo!dpousbtu-!
nffu!uif!sfdpnnfoefe!sbujpt/!Fwfo!npsf!dpodfsojoh-!fbdi!pg!uif!
ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt/!Hbufxbz!Dibsufs!boe!Sfexppet!Dibsufs!
joejdbufe!uibu!uifz!xbou!up!jodsfbtf!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!cvu!uibu!
uifz!dvssfoumz!mbdl!gvoejoh!up!ep!tp/!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufst!fyfdvujwf!
tuvefout offet/!Ipxfwfs-!fwfo!xjui!uif!jodsfbtf!tif!eftdsjcfe-!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 42
Tfqufncfs!3131
tdippm!tpdjbm!xpslfst!sfrvjsfe!up!nffu!Fevdbujpo t!sfdpnnfoefe!
tuboebset/!Dpotfrvfoumz-!tuvefout!buufoejoh!uiftf!tdippmt!ep!
opu!ibwf!bddftt!up!uif!sfdpnnfoefe!mfwfm!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!
qspgfttjpobmt-!eftqjuf!uif!gbdu!uibu!uif!tvjdjef!sbuft!jo!Lfso!boe!
Nfoepdjop!dpvoujft!fydffe!uiptf!pg!uif!nbkpsjuz!pg!uif!dpvoujft!jo!
uif!Tubuf/!
Ubcmf!7
Uif!Tjy!MFBt!Gbjmfe!up!Nffu!Nptu!pg!Fevdbujpot!Sfdpnnfoefe!Sbujpt!gps!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Qspgfttjpobmt!Evsjoh!
TUBGGJOH!MFWFM!NFU
LFSO!IJHI! VLJBI!HBUFXBZ!SFEXPPET!IFBSUMBOE! TDIPPM! VOJGJFEVOJGJFEDIBSUFSDIBSUFSDIBSUFSEJTUSJDU
Tdippm!dpvotfmpst2;361217&226&95&238&95&+
Tdippm!ovstft2;86187583211+
Tdippm!qtzdipmphjtut2;21112132746416:+
1Tdippm!tpdjbm!xpslfst2;911:6+17511
Tpvsdf;!Bobmztjt!pg!Fevdbujpo t!fospmmnfou!ebub-!epdvnfoubujpo!gspn!Hbufxbz!Dibsufs!boe!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs-!boe!qbzspmm!ebub!gspn!Ifbsumboe!
Opuf;!Jo!uif!dbufhpsjft!bcpwf-!xf!jodmvefe!joejwjevbmt!xiptf!qptjujpo!eftdsjqujpot!joejdbufe!uifz!qspwjefe!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!up!tuvefout-!
Uif!MFB!jogpsnfe!vt!uibu!uifsf!xfsf!joejwjevbmt!qspwjejoh!tfswjdft!jo!uijt!dbufhpsz!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobm<!ipxfwfs-!uifz!xfsf!vobcmf!up!
rvboujgz!uif!ujnf!uiftf!joejwjevbmt!tqfou!qspwjejoh!tfswjdft/!Uifsfgpsf-!xf!eje!opu!jodmvef!uifn!jo!pvs!bobmztjt/!
Fevdbujpo t!qsphsbn!dpotvmubou!bdlopxmfehfe!uif!voefojbcmf!offe!
zpvui!tvjdjef/!Ipxfwfs-!if!bttfsufe!uibu!b!tubufxjef!qsphsbn!up!
gvoe!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!bu!MFBt!jt!vomjlfmz!cfdbvtf!pg!
uif!Tubuft!dvssfou!gpdvt!po!mpdbm!dpouspm!pg!fevdbujpo!tqfoejoh/!
Opofuifmftt-!fotvsjoh!uibu!zpvui!ibwf!bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!
tfswjdft!jt!dsvdjbm!up!beesfttjoh!uif!Tubuft!sjtjoh!tvjdjef!sbuft/!
Tfswjdft!up!Tuvefout
tdippm.cbtfe!ifbmui!dfoufst!)tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst*!uibu!qspwjef!
cz!mfwfsbhjoh!puifs!gvoejoh!tpvsdft/!Tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!
bsf!mpdbufe!po!ps!wfsz!ofbs!tdippm!hspvoet!boe-!efqfoejoh!po!
uif!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!uifz!fnqmpz-!nbz!qspwjef!b!wbsjfuz!pg!
qiztjdbm!boe!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft-!tvdi!bt!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf-!
jnnvoj{bujpot-!tvctubodf!bcvtf!dpvotfmjoh-!psbm!ifbmui!dbsf-!
43 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
ifbmui!dfoufst!ps!mpdbm!ifbmui!efqbsunfout-!pgufo!tvqqpsu!tdippm!
ifbmui!dfoufs!pqfsbujpot!boe!nbz!fnqmpz!uif!qiztjdjbot-!ovstf!
qsbdujujpofst-!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt-!boe!puifs!nfejdbm!
Qvcmjd!Ifbmuit!qsfefdfttps!up!ftubcmjti!b!qsphsbn!up!tvqqpsu!uif!
efwfmpqnfou!pg!ifbmui!dfoufst-!b!sftqpotjcjmjuz!ju!mbufs!bttjhofe!up!
Qvcmjd!Ifbmui/!Ipxfwfs-!bt!xf!ejtdvtt!mbufs-!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!ofwfs!
efwfmpqfe!uif!qsphsbn-!boe!bu!qsftfou-!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!pomz!
tfswf!b!tnbmm!qspqpsujpo!pg!Dbmjgpsojb t!tuvefout/!
Bddftt!up!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Dbsf
Sftfbsdi!ibt!dpotjtufoumz!efnpotusbufe!uibu!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!
jodsfbtf!zpvui!bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf-!xijdi!jt!bttpdjbufe!
xjui!b!sfevdujpo!jo!uif!gbdupst!uibu!mfbe!up!zpvui!tvjdjeft!boe!
vtf!pg!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!boe!pg!dpnnvojuz!ifbmui!dmjojdt!
ifbmui!dfoufst!xfsf!gps!nfoubm!ifbmui!sfbtpot-!mfbejoh!uif!bvuipst!
up!dpodmvef!uibu!uiftf!dfoufst!ibwf!b!vojrvf!spmf!jo!jodsfbtjoh!
Tuvejft!tvhhftu!uibu!tuvefout!vtf!
tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!xifo!uifz! dbsf-!efdsfbtf!uif!dptu!pg!dbsf-!boe!bsf!xfmm!qptjujpofe!up!qspwjef!
bsf!bwbjmbcmf!boe!uibu!tvdi!ifbmui! tuvejft!tvhhftu!uibu!tuvefout!vtf!
dfoufst!dbo!qspwjef!uif!nfoubm!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!xifo!uifz!bsf!bwbjmbcmf!boe!uibu!tdippm!
ifbmui!tfswjdft!uibu!tfswf!bt!ifbmui!dfoufst!dbo!qspwjef!uif!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!uibu!tfswf!bt!
qspufdujwf!gbdupst!bhbjotu!tvjdjef/qspufdujwf!gbdupst!bhbjotu!tvjdjef/
Psfhpot!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!jmmvtusbuf!ipx!Dbmjgpsojb!dpvme!
jodsfbtf!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!up!tuvefout/!
up!uijol!bcpvu!ps!buufnqu!tvjdjef/!Jo!beejujpo-!boovbm!sfqpsut!gspn!
uif!Psfhpo!Ifbmui!Bvuipsjuz!)Psfhpo!Ifbmui*!po!jut!tdippm!ifbmui!
dfoufst!joejdbuf!uibu!uif!dfoufst!qspwjef!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!up!
uif!tubuf!fnqmpzfe!po.tjuf!cfibwjpsbm!ifbmui!qspwjefst-!b!dbufhpsz!
uibu!fodpnqbttft!nfoubm!ifbmui!boe!tvctubodf!bcvtf!tfswjdft-!
mpdbufe!jo!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobm!tipsubhf!bsfbt-!b!gfefsbm!eftjhobujpo!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 44
Tfqufncfs!3131
efoubm-!ps!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspwjefst!sfmbujwf!up!uif!mpdbm!qpqvmbujpo/!
fybnqmf!jmmvtusbuft!ipx!Dbmjgpsojb!dpvme!vtf!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!
up!jodsfbtf!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!up!tuvefout!
boe!uivt!efdsfbtf!uif!mjlfmjippe!pg!tvjdjef!buufnqut!jo!bsfbt!xjui!
mjnjufe!bddftt!up!dbsf/
Jo!beejujpo!up!tubuf!bqqspqsjbujpot-!Psfhpot!ifbmui!dfoufst!sfmz!po!
b!ovncfs!pg!tpvsdft!pg!sfwfovf-!jodmvejoh!hsbout-!ifbmui!jotvsbodf!
cjmmjoh-!boe!epobujpot/!Psfhpo!qspwjefe!dpvoujft!xjui!bcpvu!
gps!fwfsz!epmmbs!pg!tubuf!qvcmjd!Gps!fwfsz!epmmbs!pg!tubuf!qvcmjd!
ifbmui!gvoejoh-!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!pcubjo!npsf!uibo!uisff!boe!ifbmui!gvoejoh-!tdippm!ifbmui!
dfoufst!pcubjo!npsf!uibo!uisff!boe! b!ibmg!epmmbst!gspn!puifs!tpvsdft-!tvdi!bt!gfefsbm!Nfejdbje!gvoet/!
b!ibmg!epmmbst!gspn!puifs!tpvsdft-!
tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!xfsf!jotvsfe!uispvhi!qvcmjd!qsphsbnt-!boe!tvdi!bt!gfefsbm!Nfejdbje!gvoet/
6
tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!bsf!bcmf!up!esbx!po!puifs!gvoejoh!tpvsdft!
pqqpsuvojujft!gps!Dbmjgpsojb t!MFBt!up!ublf!tjnjmbs!bewboubhf!pg!
dfoufst!boe!ibt!tjodf!fyqboefe!ju!up!jodmvef!dfoufst!bu!bmm!pg!jut!ijhi!
tdippmt/!Tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!tvdi!bt!uiftf!sfevdf!cbssjfst!up!dbsf-!
op!dptu!up!tuvefout!ps!uifjs!gbnjmjft/!Bddpsejoh!up!uif!wfoeps!uibu!
xfmmoftt!qsphsbn!ibt!dpotjtufoumz!tfswfe!npsf!uibo!ibmg!pg!uif!
tuvefou!qpqvmbujpo/!
pshboj{bujpot!up!qspwjef!uif!xfmmoftt!qsphsbn-!boe!tfwfsbm!gbdupst!
ibwf!dpousjcvufe!up!uif!qsphsbnt!tvddftt/!Bddpsejoh!up!jut!tbgfuz!
boe!xfmmoftt!ejsfdups-!jut!qbsuofstijqt!xjui!uxp!dpvouz!bhfodjft
6Uif!sfnbjojoh!dmjfout!xfsf!fjuifs!vojotvsfe!ps!pg!volopxo!jotvsbodf!tubuvt/
45 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
njyuvsf!pg!mpdbm-!tubuf-!boe!gfefsbm!gvoet!uibu!bsf!vtfe!up!tvqqpsu!
Nvmuj.Tfswjdft-!Jod/!)SBNT*-!ibt!bmmpxfe!uif!ejtusjdu!up!fyqboe!jut!
qspwjtjpo!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft/!
Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!Ibt!Opu!Ftubcmjtife!b!Tdippm!Ifbmui!Dfoufs!Tvqqpsu!
Qsphsbn!bt!uif!Mbx!Sfrvjsft!
Npsf!uibo!b!efdbef!bhp-!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!uppl!tufqt!up!tvqqpsu!uif!
dsfbujpo!pg!beejujpobm!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst-!cvu!Qvcmjd!Ifbmuit!
Qvcmjd!Ifbmuit!qsfefdfttps-!uif!Efqbsunfou!pg!Ifbmui!Tfswjdft-!
up!ftubcmjti!uif!Qvcmjd!Tdippm!Ifbmui!Dfoufs!Tvqqpsu!Qsphsbn!
tvqqpsu!qsphsbn*!up!qspwjef!bttjtubodf!up!MFBt!jo!ftubcmjtijoh-!
7Ju!bmtp!ejsfdufe! nbjoubjojoh-!boe!fyqboejoh!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst/
uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!up!qspwjef!MFBtjodmvejoh!dibsufs!tdippmt
xjui!ufdiojdbm!bttjtubodf-!xijdi!nbz!jodmvef!jefoujgzjoh!tpvsdft!pg!
gvoejoh-!tvdi!bt!mpdbm!hsbout!boe!gfefsbm!Nfej.Dbm!sfjncvstfnfou!
qsphsbnt-!up!dsfbuf!ofx!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!ps!fyqboe!uiptf!
Mfhjtmbuvsf!beefe!b!hsbou!dpnqpofou xijdi!jt!dpoujohfou!po!
gvoejohup!uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!mbx!bvuipsj{joh!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!up!
qspwjef!hsbout!up!jnqspwf!fyjtujoh!ifbmui!dfoufst!ps!up!efwfmpq!ofx!
ifbmui!dfoufst/!
Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!ibe!opu!ftubcmjtife! Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!ibe!opu!ftubcmjtife!
uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn-!uivt!uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn-!uivt!efqsjwjoh!MFBt!pg!uif!bttjtubodf!jo!
efqsjwjoh!MFBt!pg!uif!bttjtubodf!ftubcmjtijoh-!sfubjojoh-!boe!fyqboejoh!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!uibu!
jo!ftubcmjtijoh-!sfubjojoh-!boe!tvdi!b!qsphsbn!xpvme!qspwjef/!Bddpsejoh!up!Qvcmjd!Ifbmuit!Dfoufs!
fyqboejoh!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!gps!Ifbmuiz!Dpnnvojujft!efqvuz!ejsfdups!)efqvuz!ejsfdups*-!Qvcmjd!
uibu!tvdi!b!qsphsbn!xpvme!qspwjef/Ifbmui!ibt!opu!qvu!joup!qmbdf!bdujwjujft!up!bttjtu!tdippmt!cfdbvtf!
tif!bdlopxmfehfe!xbt!gps!uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn/!Tif!tubufe!uibu!
uiftf!gvoet!xfsf!opu!fopvhi!up!tvtubjo!b!gvmm!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn<!
ipxfwfs-!tif!bmtp!tubufe!uibu!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!ibt!opu!sfrvftufe!
dsfbuf!boe!benjojtufs!uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn-!boe!ju!qspwjefe!
7
tvddfttps!gps!qvcmjd!ifbmui!sftqpotjcjmjujft/!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 46
Tfqufncfs!3131
tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!boe-!jg!vobcmf!up!ep!tp-!up!ibwf!sfrvftufe!boz!
ofdfttbsz!beejujpobm!gvoejoh/
Bmuipvhi!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!ibt!opu!nfu!uif!tubuvupsz!sfrvjsfnfou!up!
dsfbuf!uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn-!ju!ibt!hbuifsfe!tpnf!jogpsnbujpo!uibu!
sftvmut!pg!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufs!benjojtusbups!tvswfzt!eftdsjcjoh!
tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufs!offet-!tfswjdft-!dibmmfohft-!boe!gvoejoh!
tpvsdft/!Jo!beejujpo-!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!ftubcmjtife!b!xpsl!hspvq!
uibu!jodmveft!sfqsftfoubujwft!pg!Fevdbujpo!boe!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!
Tdippm.Cbtfe!Ifbmui!Bmmjbodf!)DTIB*/!
Qvcmjd!Ifbmuit!efqvuz!ejsfdups!bmtp!tubufe!uibu!ju!ibt!op!gpsnbm!
b!tvtubjobcmf!gvoejoh!tpvsdf/!Bt!xf!qsfwjpvtmz!eftdsjcf-!opof!pg!uif!
B!spcvtu!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!
dpvme!bttjtu!MFBt!jo!dsfbujoh!
beejujpobm!tdippm.cbtfe!
ifbmui!dfoufst!boe!mfwfsbhjoh!
fyjtujoh!NITB!boe!Nfej.Dbm!
gvoet!up!jnqspwf!nfoubm!ifbmui!
qspgfttjpobm.up.
tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!dpvme!bttjtu!MFBt!jo!dsfbujoh!beejujpobm!tdippm!
ifbmui!dfoufst!boe!mfwfsbhjoh!fyjtujoh!NITB!boe!Nfej.Dbm!gvoet!
up!jnqspwf!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobm.up.tuvefou!sbujpt/
dpvme!gbdjmjubuf!uif!dsfbujpo!pg!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!jo!voefstfswfe!
dpvoujft!xjui!ijhi!sbuft!pg!tvjdjef!boe!tfmg.ibsn/!Gps!fybnqmf-!
Nfoepdjop!Dpvouzxijdi!ibt!b!ijhifs.uibo.bwfsbhf!sbuf!pg!
tdippm!tuvefout/!Vtjoh!Psfhpot!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufs!gvoejoh!
gpsnvmbt!gps!tubuf!bttjtubodf-!ftubcmjtijoh!ojof!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!
tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!up!qspwjef!bttjtubodf!up!MFBt-!xijdi!nbz!jodmvef!
jefoujgzjoh!beejujpobm!gvoet-!tvdi!bt!gfefsbm!boe!mpdbm!hsbout-!up!
dpwfs!uif!beejujpobm!dptut!boe!xpvme!sfrvjsf!hsboufft!sfdfjwjoh!
gvoet!gps!pqfsbujoh!dptut!up!cfdpnf!Nfej.Dbm!qspwjefst/!
47 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Gjhvsf!8
Bt!pg!312:-!Gfx!Tdippm!Ifbmui!Dfoufst!Fyjtufe!jo!uif!Tubuf
EFM!
OPSUF
TJTLJZPVNPEPD
TIBTUBMBTTFO
IVNCPMEUUSJOJUZ
UFIBNB
QMVNBT
CVUUFHMFOO TJFSSB
NFOEPDJOP
OFWBEB
ZVCBPMVTBD
QMBDFSMBLF
FM!EPSBZPMPEP
QJOFBMTPOPNBOBQB
BNBEPS
TPMBOP
DBMBWFSBT
NBSJO UVPMVNOF
DPOUSB NPOPTBODPTUBKPBRVJOTBO!GSBODJTDP
BMBNFEB NBSJQPTBTBO!NBUFPTUBOJTMBVT
UBTBO
NFSDFEMBSBD NBEFSBTBOUB
DSV\[
GSFTOPTBO
JOZPJUPCFO
UVMBSFNPOUFSFZ
LJOHT
TBO!MVJT!PCJTQP
LFSO
TBO!CFSOBSEJOP
TBOUB!CBSCBSB
WFOUVSB
MPT!BOHFMFT
Tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!qfs!dpvouz!bt!pg!312:
JEFSJWFSTPSBOHF1
2!up!5
6!up!21
TBO!EJFHPJNQFSJBM
22!up!2:
31!up!86
Tpvsdf;Dbmjgpsojb!Tdippm.Cbtfe!Ifbmui!Bmmjbodf/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 48
Tfqufncfs!3131
ju!jt!vodmfbs!xiz!uif!Tubuf!ibt!opu!epof!npsf!up!fotvsf!uifjs!
jnqmfnfoubujpo-!qbsujdvmbsmz!jo!jut!voefstfswfe!bsfbt/!Jo!uif!ju!jt!vodmfbs!xiz!uif!Tubuf!ibt!
opu!epof!npsf!up!fotvsf!uifjs!
sbuft!pg!tvjdjef!boe!tfmg.ibsn!ibwf!dpoujovfe!up!dmjnc/!Ibe!uif!jnqmfnfoubujpo-!qbsujdvmbsmz!jo!jut!
voefstfswfe!bsfbt/ tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!cffo!ftubcmjtife-!ju!xpvme!ibwf!sfrvjsfe!hsboufft!
up!qspwjef!ps!ibwf!b!qmbo!gps!qspwjejoh!b!wbsjfuz!pg!tfswjdft!jo!
sftqpotf!up!dpnnvojuz!offet-!jodmvejoh!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft/!
Tpnf!MFBt!Ibwf!Opu!Tpvhiu!Mpdbm!boe!Gfefsbm!Gvoejoh!Uibu!Dpvme!
Jodsfbtf!Tuvefout Bddftt!up!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Qspgfttjpobmt
Bmm!pg!uif!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!sfmz!po!tubuf!gvoejoh!gps!uif!nbkpsjuz!
pg!uifjs!tqfoejoh!po!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt/!Ipxfwfs-!cz!
tffljoh!gfefsbm!boe!mpdbm!gvoejoh-!uifz!dpvme!jodsfbtf!uif!ovncfs!
pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!uifz!fnqmpz!boe!uivt!cfuufs!fotvsf!
uibu!tuvefout!ibwf!befrvbuf!bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf/!Gps!
fybnqmf-!uif!Tbo!Gsbodjtdp!Dpvouz!Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!
vtft!NITB!gvoejoh!up!qbz!gps!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!po!
pqujpo!qsphsbnxijdi!xf!eftdsjcf!jo!uif!Jouspevdujpo bmmpxt!
pg!dfsubjo!ifbmui.sfmbufe!tfswjdft/!Bmuipvhi!tpnf!MFBt!dpotjefs!
uif!benjojtusbujpo!pg!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!up!cf!pwfsmz!
up!dfousbmj{f!benjojtusbujwf!sftqpotjcjmjujft/!Ipxfwfs-!Fevdbujpo!
boe!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdftuif!bhfodz!uibu!benjojtufst!uif!qsphsbn!
gps!uif!Tubufibwf!opu!befrvbufmz!fotvsfe!uibu!bmm!MFBt!bsf!bxbsf!
Tpnf!MFBt!Ibwf!Opu!Qvstvfe!NITB!Gvoejoh!gps!Po.Dbnqvt!Nfoubm!
Ifbmui!Dbsf!
Bddpsejoh!up!Fevdbujpo t!qsphsbn!dpotvmubou-!cfdbvtf!tubuf!
MFBt!efdjef!ipx!nvdi!up!tqfoe!po!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft/!Opu!
tqfou!uif!nptu!qfs!tuvefou!po!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt
sbujpt!Fevdbujpo!sfdpnnfoet-!bt!xf!qsfwjpvtmz!eftdsjcf/
49 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Ubcmf!8
LFSO!IJHI!HBUFXBZ!SFEXPPET!IFBSUMBOE! VLJBI!VOJGJFEVOJGJFE+TDIPPM!EJTUSJDUDIBSUFSDIBSUFSDIBSUFS
Upubm!tqfoejoh!po!nfoubm! 31-969-111%3-482-111%31-4:4-111%471-111%:3-111%348-111
Ovncfs!pg!tuvefout!fospmmfe! 36-4314-2754:-9958993:84-4:7bu!njeemf!boe!ijhi!tdippmt
Nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobm! 935%85:%622%568%421%81tqfoejoh!qfs!tuvefou
TDIPPM!DIBSUFS!
EJTUSJDUTTDIPPMT
Bwfsbhf!nfoubm!ifbmui!
qspgfttjpobm!tqfoejoh!%7:6%38:
Tpvsdf;!Bobmztjt!pg!Fevdbujpo t!fospmmnfou!ebub-!epdvnfoubujpo!gspn!Hbufxbz!Dibsufs!boe!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs-!boe!qbzspmm!ebub!gspn!Ifbsumboe!
Bmuipvhi!po!bwfsbhf!uif!uisff!tdippm!ejtusjdut!xf!sfwjfxfe!tqfou!
dpotjefsbcmz!npsf!po!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!qfs!tuvefou!uibo!
tdippmt!tubufe!uibu!uifz!mfwfsbhfe!sftpvsdft!gspn!puifs!foujujft!
up!qspwjef!tpnf!beejujpobm!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft/!Gps!fybnqmf-!
uisff!ebzt!qfs!xffl!boe!uibu!Hbufxbz!Dibsufs!epft!opu!qbz!gps!
uiftf!qptjujpot/!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufst!efqvuz!fyfdvujwf!ejsfdups!
fyqmbjofe!uibu!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!gspn!uif!dibsufs!tdippm!
pshboj{bujpo!up!xijdi!ju!cfmpohfe!bu!uif!ujnf!qspwjefe!tfswjdft!
up!ju!boe!puifs!dibsufs!tdippmt/!Gjobmmz-!Sfexppet!Dibsufst!dijfg!
jttvft!up!dpnnvojuz!pshboj{bujpot!uibu!qspwjef!tfswjdft!bu!op!
dptu/!Cfdbvtf!xf!dpvme!opu!rvboujgz!uif!tfswjdft!uibu!uiftf!puifs!
pvs!bobmztjt/!Ipxfwfs-!fwfo!voefs!b!hfofspvt!joufsqsfubujpo!pg!
uif!beejujpobm!dbqbdjuz!sfqsftfoufe!cz!uiftf!puifs!sftpvsdft-!uif!
cfdbvtf!uifz!pcubjofe!gvoet!gspn!puifs!tpvsdft!up!bvhnfou!xibu!
uif!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!sfmjfe!po!tubuf!gvoejoh!gps!npsf!uibo!ibmg!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 4:
Tfqufncfs!3131
Ubcmf!9
MFBt!Sfmjfe!po!Tubuf!Gvoet!gps!uif!Nbkpsjuz!pg!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Qspgfttjpobm!Tqfoejoh!jo!Gjtdbm!Zfbs!31292:!
LFSO!IJHI! VLJBI!HBUFXBZ!SFEXPPET!IFBSUMBOE! TDIPPM! VOJGJFEVOJGJFEDIBSUFS+DIBSUFSDIBSUFSEJTUSJDU
Upubm!nfoubm!ifbmui! 31-969-111%3-482-111%31-4:4-111%471-111%:3-111%348-111qspgfttjpobm!tqfoejoh
Qfsdfou!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!
qspgfttjpobm!tqfoejoh!gspn!7&35&8&1&37&1&
gfefsbm!tpvsdft
Qfsdfou!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!
qspgfttjpobm!tqfoejoh!gspn!6785:421185211
tubuf!tpvsdft
Qfsdfou!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!
qspgfttjpobm!tqfoejoh!gspn!4931111
mpdbm!tpvsdft
Tpvsdf;!Bobmztjt!pg!epdvnfoubujpo!gspn!Hbufxbz!Dibsufs!boe!qbzspmm!ebub!gspn!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs-!Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ejtusjdu-!Sfexppet!Dibsufs-!
Hbufxbz!Dibsufs!joejdbufe!bmm!pg!jut!gvoejoh!dbnf!gspn!tubuf!tpvsdft<!ipxfwfs-!cfdbvtf!Hbufxbz!Dibsufs!epft!opu!bdujwfmz!usbdl!ipx!ju!vtft!
Bmuipvhi!bvhnfoujoh!tubuf!gvoet!xjui!gvoejoh!gspn!puifs!tpvsdft!
tpvsdft!pg!gvoejohmpdbm!NITB!gvoet!gspn!uifjs!sftqfdujwf!
dpvoujft/!Bt!uif!Jouspevdujpo!eftdsjcft-!uif!Tubuf!qbttfe!uif!
dijmesfo!xjui!b!gpdvt!po!qsfwfoujpo!boe!fbsmz!joufswfoujpo!tfswjdft/!
Efqbsunfou!pg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!vtft!tpnf!NITB!gvoet-!jo!beejujpo!
up!mpdbm!boe!gfefsbm!gvoet-!up!qbz!gps!uif!tfswjdft!uibu!SBNT!
51 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
MFBt!Ibwf!Opu!Dpotjtufoumz!Vtfe!uif!Cjmmjoh!Pqujpo!Qsphsbn!up!Pcubjo!
Gfefsbm!Sfjncvstfnfou!gps!Qspwjejoh!Nfoubm!Ifbmui!Tfswjdft
Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!pwfstfft!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn-!xijdi!
uifjs!dptut!up!qspwjef!nfejdbmmz!ofdfttbsz!ifbmui.sfmbufe!tfswjdft!
Dbsf!Tfswjdft!sfdfjwfe!bqqspwbm!up!fyqboe!bddftt!up!Nfej.Dbm!
gps!Nfej.Dbm.fmjhjcmf!tuvefout!xjuipvu!bo!joejwjevbmj{fe!fevdbujpo!
qsphsbn!)JFQ*!xbt!mjnjufe/!Bo!JFQ!jt!b!qmbo!dsfbufe!gps!uiptf!
tuvefout!xjui!b!mfbsojoh!ejtbcjmjuz!ps!ifbmui!jnqbjsnfou/!Gps!
fybnqmf-!b!tuvefou!xjuipvu!bo!JFQ!xbt!mjnjufe!up!tjy!ipvst!pg!
gps!tfswjdft!uifz!ibe!bmsfbez!qspwjefe/!Cbtfe!po!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!
Up!efdsfbtf!uif!benjojtusbujwf!cvsefo!pg!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!
Bddpsejoh!up!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft Nfej.Dbm!Dmbjnt!boe!
Tfswjdft!Csbodi!Dijfg!)csbodi!dijfg*-!MFBt qbsujdjqbujpo!jo!
uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!jt!wpmvoubsz!cfdbvtf!tpnf!ep!opu!
ibwf!uif!dbqbcjmjuz!up!iboemf!uif!benjojtusbujwf!ubtlt!boe!dptut/!
joejdbujoh!uibu!tvcnjuujoh!dmbjnt!uispvhi!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!
pg!uif!benjojtusbujwf!ubtlt!ofdfttbsz!up!pcubjo!sfjncvstfnfou/!
Bddpsejoh!up!uif!Nfej.Dbm!nbobhfs!bu!Nfoepdjop!Dpvouz!
sftqpotjcjmjujft!bu!uif!dpvouz!mfwfm!boe!sfevdft!uif!cvsefo!up!uif!
Uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!MFB!pg!pcubjojoh!sfjncvstfnfou!gps!uif!tfswjdft!ju!qspwjeft/!
bmmpxt!MFBt!up!qppm!sftpvsdft-! cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!bmmpxt!MFBt!up!qppm!sftpvsdft-!tvdi!bt!
tvdi!bt!tibsjoh!qsbdujujpofst(!
bewboubhf!pg!dfousbmj{joh!uiftf!benjojtusbujwf!sftqpotjcjmjujft;!ju!
efdsfbtft!uif!ovncfs!pg!MFBt!uibu!nvtu!sfhjtufs!xjui!Ifbmui!Dbsf!
bt!Nfej.Dbm!qspwjefst/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 52
Tfqufncfs!3131
qpufoujbm!tpvsdf!pg!gvoet!gps!MFBt-!bddpsejoh!up!Ifbmui!Dbsf!
ufmm!vt!xijdi!MFBt!xfsf!opu!qbsujdjqbujoh!jo!uif!qsphsbn!cfdbvtf-!
cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn/!
Fevdbujpo!boe!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!dpvme!cfuufs!jogpsn!MFBt!
Cz!tffljoh!sfjncvstfnfou!gps!uif!tfswjdft!uifz!ibwf!qspwjefe-!Cz!tffljoh!sfjncvstfnfou!gps!uif!
MFBt!dpvme!tvqqmfnfou!uifjs!fyjtujoh!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!tfswjdft!uifz!ibwf!qspwjefe-!MFBt!
cvehfut/!Tubuf!mbx!bttjhot!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!uif!sftqpotjcjmjuz!dpvme!tvqqmfnfou!uifjs!fyjtujoh!
pg!dpnnvojdbujoh!xjui!MFBt!boe!dpmmbcpsbujoh!xjui!Fevdbujpo!up!
jodsfbtf!MFB!qbsujdjqbujpo!jo!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn/!Bmuipvhi!
Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!ibt!dpoevdufe!tpnf!pvusfbdi!sfhbsejoh!uif!
qsphsbnt!fyqbotjpo!uispvhi!jo.qfstpo!boe!pomjof!usbjojoht-!uiftf!
Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!epft!opu!bdujwfmz!tfoe!jogpsnbujpo!bcpvu!
uif!qsphsbn!up!opoqbsujdjqbujoh!MFBt/!Bddpsejoh!up!jut!csbodi!
xijdi!MFBt!ep!opu!qbsujdjqbuf!jo!uif!qsphsbn<!sbuifs-!ju!sfmjft!po!
Fevdbujpo!up!gpsxbse!jogpsnbujpo!po!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!up!
opoqbsujdjqbujoh!MFBt/!
Fevdbujpo t!benjojtusbups!gps!tdippm!ifbmui!boe!tbgfuz!joejdbufe!
uibu!ju!ibt!tfou!tpnf!jogpsnbujpo!bcpvu!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!
fyqbotjpo!up!bmm!MFBt!po!cfibmg!pg!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft/!Ipxfwfs-!
bdsptt!uif!Tubuf!uibu!bsf!opu!Nfej.Dbm!qspwjefst!ublf!bewboubhf!pg!
uijt!qsphsbn/!Gvsuifs-!bddpsejoh!up!uif!csbodi!dijfg!gps!Ifbmui!Dbsf!
Tfswjdft-!ju!ibt!opu!jogpsnfe!MFBt!pg!uif!pqujpo!up!mfwfsbhf!dpvouz!
xjui!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn/!Voujm!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!boe!
Fevdbujpo!ublf!b!dppsejobufe!bqqspbdi!up!jogpsnjoh!MFBt!bcpvu!
uijt!pqujpo-!tpnf!MFBt!bsf!mftt!mjlfmz!up!ublf!bewboubhf!pg!uiftf!
gfefsbm!gvoet-!xijdi!uifz!dpvme!vtf!up!jnqspwf!tuvefout bddftt!up!
uif!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf!uifz!offe/
53 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Sfdpnnfoebujpot
Mfhjtmbuvsf
Up!jodsfbtf!tuvefout bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft-!uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!
tipvme!qspwjef!gvoejoh!gps!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!up!bxbse!hsbout!gps!b!qjmpu!
qsphsbn!uibu!xpvme!ftubcmjti!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!bu!b!tfmfdujpo!
pg!MFBt!mpdbufe!jo!dpvoujft!xjui!ijhi!sbuft!pg!zpvui!tvjdjef!boe!
xjui!Fevdbujpo!up!dpmmfdu!ebub!po!uif!qjmpu!qsphsbn!boe!up!qspwjef!
uif!Mfhjtmbuvsf!tipvme!dpotjefs!fyqboejoh!ju!up!MFBt!uispvhipvu!
Fevdbujpo
Fevdbujpo!tipvme!sfnjoe!MFBt!pg!uif!fmfnfout!jo!jut!npefm!
qpmjdz/!Up!ep!tp-!ju!tipvme!boovbmmz!tfoe!b!opujdf!up!bmm!MFBt!
uibu!eftdsjcft!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!sftpvsdft-!tvdi!bt!uif!npefm!
qpmjdz-!boe!fodpvsbhft!uifjs!vtf/!Fevdbujpo!tipvme!bmtp!xpsl!xjui!
fyufsobm!pshboj{bujpot!uibu!nbjoubjo!npefm!qpmjdjft-!jodmvejoh!uif!
uibu!bsf!dpotjtufou!xjui!tubuf!mbx!boe!cftu!qsbdujdft!cz!op!mbufs!uibo!
Up!fodpvsbhf!MFBt!up!jodpsqpsbuf!fmfnfout!pg!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
up!bttjtu!tuvefout!bu!sjtl!pg!tfmg.ibsn!boe!tvjdjef-!Fevdbujpo!tipvme!
sfnjoe!bmm!MFBt!pg!uif!tubuvupsjmz!sfrvjsfe!fmfnfout!gps!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh/
Up!tvqqpsu!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!fevdbujpo!up!
tuvefout!bu!MFBt!pqfsbujoh!uispvhi!ejtubodf!mfbsojoh-!Fevdbujpo!
tipvme!dpnqmfuf!boe!jttvf!up!MFBt!uif!sftpvsdft!boe!hvjebodf!ju!jt!
Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft
Up!fotvsf!uibu!MFBt!ublf!gvmm!bewboubhf!pg!gfefsbm!gvoet!gps!
Nfej.Dbm.fmjhjcmf!tuvefout-!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!tipvme!xpsl!
xjui!Fevdbujpo!up!jogpsn!MFBt!uibu!uifz!nbz!qbsuofs!xjui!
sftqpotjcjmjujft!ofdfttbsz!up!pcubjo!sfjncvstfnfou!uispvhi!uif!cjmmjoh!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 54
Tfqufncfs!3131
Qvcmjd!Ifbmui
Ifbmui!tipvme!ftubcmjti!uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!gps!tdippm!ifbmui!
dfoufst!bt!tubuf!mbx!sfrvjsft/!Jg!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!mbdlt!uif!gvoejoh!up!
qsphsbn!tipvme!bttjtu!MFBt!jo!ftubcmjtijoh!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!
boe!jo!jefoujgzjoh!boe!bqqmzjoh!gps!bwbjmbcmf!gvoejoh!bt!bvuipsj{fe!
cz!mbx-!tvdi!bt!Nfej.Dbm!sfjncvstfnfou!boe!NITB!gvoet/!
MFBt
ofdfttbsz!up!sftqpoe!dpotjtufoumz-!qspnqumz-!boe!bqqspqsjbufmz!up!
sfevdf!tvjdjef!sjtl-!uif!tjy!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!tipvme!sfwjtf!uifjs!
uif!cftu!qsbdujdft!jo!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz/!
ofdfttbsz!up!jefoujgz!boe!bttjtu!tuvefout!bu!sjtl!pg!tfmg.ibsn!boe!
tvjdjef-!uif!tjy!MFBt!xf!sfwjfxfe!tipvme!ep!uif!gpmmpxjoh;
up!bmjho!xjui!tubuf!mbx!boe!jodpsqpsbuf!uif!cftu!qsbdujdft!jo!
Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz/!
MFBt!uibu!qspwjef!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!tipvme!dpoevdu!ju!
bu!uif!cfhjoojoh!pg!uif!tdippm!zfbs/!
Up!jnqspwf!uifjs!tuvefout bddftt!up!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt-!
Sfexppet!Dibsufs-!boe!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs!tipvme!dppsejobuf!xjui!
uifjs!sftqfdujwf!dpvoujft!up!sfrvftu!NITB!gvoejoh!up!fnqmpz!
beejujpobm!tdippm!dpvotfmpst-!tdippm!ovstft-!tdippm!tpdjbm!xpslfst-!
boe!tdippm!qtzdipmphjtut/!
55 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Xf!dpoevdufe!uijt!qfsgpsnbodf!bveju!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!hfofsbmmz!bddfqufe!hpwfsonfou!bvejujoh!
cbtfe!po!pvs!bveju!pckfdujwft/
Sftqfdugvmmz!tvcnjuufe-
FMBJOF!N/!IPXMF-!DQB!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 56
Tfqufncfs!3131
Bqqfoejy!B
Tdpqf!boe!Nfuipepmphz!
uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!up!qfsgpsn!bo!bveju!pg!tfmfdufe!MFBt
tfwfsbm!puifs!sfmbufe!pckfdujwft/!Ubcmf!B!mjtut!uif!bveju!pckfdujwft!
boe!uif!nfuipet!xf!vtfe!up!beesftt!uifn/
Ubcmf!B
Bveju!Pckfdujwft!boe!uif!Nfuipet!Vtfe!up!Beesftt!Uifn
BVEJU!PCKFDUJWFNFUIPE
Sfwjfx!boe!fwbmvbuf!uif!mbxt-!svmft-!Sfwjfxfe!sfmfwbou!mbxt-!sfhvmbujpot-!qpmjdjft-!qspdfevsft-!boe!puifs!sfmbufe!cbdlhspvoe!nbufsjbm/ 2
Qspwjef!boe!bobmz{f!tubujtujdbm!3
jogpsnbujpo!sfmbufe!up!tvjdjef!boe!ebub!up!dbmdvmbuf!uif!tvjdjef!boe!tfmg.ibsn!sbuft!cz!dpvouz!gspn!311:!uispvhi!3129!gps!
23!up!2:!jo!Dbmjgpsojb!evsjoh!uif!vtjoh!qpqvmbujpo!ebub!gspn!uif!V/T/!Dfotvt!Cvsfbv/!
qbtu!21!zfbst/!Up!uif!fyufou!qpttjcmf-!
tvnnbsj{f!uijt!jogpsnbujpo!cz!dpvouz/
dbmdvmbufe!uif!ovncfs!pg!joejwjevbmt!bhft!23!up!2:!uibu!iptqjubmt!benjuufe!gps!jotubodft!pg!
ifbmui!dbsf!pshboj{bujpot!tijgufe!gspn!sfqpsujoh!nfejdbm!jogpsnbujpo!voefs!uif!Joufsobujpobm!
tfmg.ibsn!jotubodft-!xf!diptf!opu!up!ejtujohvjti!cfuxffo!uif!Ojoui!boe!Ufoui!Sfwjtjpot/
Jefoujgz!boe!bobmz{f!uif!spmft!pg!4
tubuf.mfwfm!foujujft-!jodmvejoh!Qvcmjd!Pwfstjhiu!Dpnnjttjpo-!boe!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!up!efufsnjof!uifjs!spmft!jo!uif!pwfstjhiu!pg!zpvui!
Ifbmui-!jo!pwfsbmm!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo/
boe!bt!ju!sfmbuft!up!MFBt!boe!
Sfwjfxfe!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdz!boe!efufsnjofe!uibu!ju!jt!jo!dpnqmjbodf!
xjui!tubuf!mbx/
Joufswjfx!sfmfwbou!tublfipmefst!boe!5
tvckfdu!nbuufs!fyqfsut!up!jefoujgz!uif!Dbmjgpsojb!Dpbmjujpo!gps!Zpvui!boe!sfwjfxfe!sfmbufe!sftpvsdft!sfhbsejoh!cftu!qsbdujdft!gps!
cftu!qsbdujdft!up!qsfwfou!tvjdjeft tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qsphsbnt/
jodmvejoh!gps!tuvefout!jo!dbufhpsjft!
xjui!ijhi!tvjdjef!sbuftuibu!nbz!cf!
up!zpvui!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!jo!tdippmt/ bqqspqsjbuf!gps!MFBt!ps!dibsufs!tdippmt!
up!jnqmfnfou/
qfstqfdujwf!po!zpvui!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo/
qspwjef!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft/
zpvui!tvjdjef/
dpoujovfe!po!ofyu!qbhf!/!/!/
57 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
BVEJU!PCKFDUJWFNFUIPE
6
tdippmt-!qfsgpsn!uif!gpmmpxjoh!sfmbufe!sfwjfx/!Xf!uifo!tfmfdufe!uif!mbshftu!MFB!xjuijo!fbdi!pg!uiftf!dpvoujft;!Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ejtusjdu!
Dpvouz/!Beejujpobmmz-!xf!tfmfdufe!pof!dibsufs!tdippm!gspn!fbdi!dpvouz;!Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs!jo!Lfso!
b/!Jefoujgz!uif!fyufou!up!xijdi!
fbdi!MFB!boe!dibsufs!tdippm!uif!tdippm!ejtusjdut!ps!dibsufs!tdippmt!xf!tfmfdufe!usbdl!bhhsfhbuf!tvjdjef!ps!tfmg.ibsn!ebub/!
usbdlt!tuvefou!tvjdjeft!boe!
Up!uif!fyufou!bwbjmbcmf-!sfwjfxfe!MFBt dpvotfmjoh!sfdpset!up!efufsnjof!uif!qfsdfoubhf!pg!uif!
tuvefou!qpqvmbujpo!uibu!sfdfjwfe!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!pwfs!uif!mbtu!uisff!bdbefnjd!zfbst/!
Ipxfwfs-!uif!MFBt!eje!opu!dpotjtufoumz!usbdl!ps!sfdpse!ebub/!Bt!b!sftvmu-!ju!xbt!opu!qpttjcmf!up!
dbmdvmbuf!dpnqbsbcmf!sbuft!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdf!vtf/!
c/!Efufsnjof!xifuifs!uif!MFB!Bobmz{fe!tfmfdufe!MFBt tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft!boe!qspdfevsft!up!efufsnjof!dpnqmjbodf!
boe!dibsufs!tdippm!ibwf!b!qvqjm!xjui!tubuf!mbx!boe!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz/
tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdz!boe!
xifuifs!uibu!qpmjdz!dpnqmjft!xjui!
boe!bepqujpo!pg!qvcmjtife!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!npefm!qpmjdjft/
d/!Bttftt!uif!qspdftt!vtfe!up!efwfmpq!
fbdi!MFB!boe!dibsufs!tdippm t!ejtusjdut!boe!dibsufs!tdippmt!up!bttftt!xifuifs!uifz!efwfmpqfe!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft!boe!
qvqjm!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdz-!
boe!efufsnjof!xifuifs!ju!fotvsfe!jo!tubuf!mbx!boe!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz/
uibu!uif!qpmjdz!xbt!efwfmpqfe!
jo!dpokvodujpo!xjui!bqqspqsjbuf!
e/!Bobmz{f!boz!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
usbjojoh!qspwjefe!cz!uif!MFB!boe!
dibsufs!tdippm-!boe!qfsgpsn!uif!
gpmmpxjoh;
j/!Jefoujgz!xip!sfdfjwft!Sfwjfxfe!usbjojoh!qpmjdjft!boe!qspdfevsft!up!efufsnjof!xifuifs!uif!MFBt!dpoevdu!tvjdjef!
Sfwjfxfe!boe!bobmz{fe!usbjojoh!sfdpset!gspn!dibsufs!tdippmt!boe!pof!dbnqvt!bu!fbdi!tdippm!
312:31!bdbefnjd!zfbs/
jj/!Jefoujgz!ipx!pgufo!boe!ipx!uif!
usbjojoh!jt!qspwjefe/ipx!pgufo!uif!tfmfdufe!tdippm!ejtusjdut!boe!dibsufs!tdippmt!dpoevdu!uif!usbjojoh/
jjj/!Bobmz{f!uif!fyufou!up!xijdi!Bobmz{fe!usbjojoh!nbufsjbmt!up!efufsnjof!xifuifs!uifz!jodmvef!uif!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!bwbjmbcmf!
usbjojoh!jodmveft!ipx!up!jefoujgz!bu!uif!tdippm!boe!jo!uif!dpnnvojuz-!boe!xifo!boe!ipx!up!sfgfs!tuvefout!up!uiptf!tfswjdft/
bqqspqsjbuf!nfoubm!ifbmui!
tfswjdft!xjuijo!uif!tdippm!boe!
dpnnvojuz-!boe!xifo!boe!ipx!
up!sfgfs!uiptf!tfswjdft/
jw/!Jefoujgz!uif!dpoufou!pg!uif!Sfwjfxfe!usbjojoh!nbufsjbmt!up!bttftt!xifuifs!uifz!jodmvefe!dpoufou!sfmbufe!up!tuvefout!jo!
usbjojoh-!jodmvejoh!boz!dpoufou!dbufhpsjft!xjui!bo!fmfwbufe!sjtl!pg!tvjdjef/
sfmbufe!up!MHCUR!boe!puifs!
tuvefout!jo!dbufhpsjft!xjui!
fmfwbufe!sjtl/
f/!Bttftt!fbdi!MFB!boe!dibsufs!Bttfttfe!xifuifs!uif!qpmjdjft!jodmvef!dsjtjt!joufswfoujpo!qmbot!boe!sftqpotf!qmbot-!bt!xfmm!
tdippm t!qsfqbsfeoftt!gps!bt!xifuifs!uiptf!qmbot!jodpsqpsbuf!cftu!qsbdujdft!tvdi!bt!tuvefou!sffousz!qspupdpmt!bgufs!b!
sftqpoejoh!up!boe!bttjtujoh!
tuvefout!bgufs!jodjefout!pg!tuvefou!
tvjdjef!boe!buufnqufe!tvjdjef/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 58
Tfqufncfs!3131
BVEJU!PCKFDUJWFNFUIPE
g/!!
MFB!boe!dibsufs!tdippm!up!ifmq!
tuvefout-!jodmvejoh!cvu!opu!mjnjufe!
up!uif!qspwjtjpo!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!
tfswjdft!boe!bddftt!up!ipumjoft-!
nbufsjbmt-!boe!puifs!sftpvsdft/
dpnqbsfe!uiftf!sbujpt!up!uif!sbujpt!uibu!Fevdbujpo!sfdpnnfoefe/!Beejujpobmmz-!xf!dbmdvmbufe!
Pcubjofe!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo.sfmbufe!qptufst-!iboepvut-!boe!qsftfoubujpot!up!efufsnjof!jg!
MFBt!qfsgpsnfe!pvusfbdi-!boe!sfwjfxfe!tuvefou!JEt!bu!fbdi!MFB!up!fotvsf!uibu!uifz!jodmvefe!
b!tvjdjef!ipumjof!qipof!ovncfs!jo!dpnqmjbodf!xjui!tubuf!mbx/!Gjwf!pg!uif!tjy!MFBt!jodmvefe!uif!
sfrvjsfe!jogpsnbujpo!po!tuvefou!JEt<!uif!tjyui-!Sfexppet!Dibsufs-!eje!opu!cvu!tubufe!ju!xjmm!ep!
tp!cfhjoojoh!jo!uif!313132!bdbefnjd!zfbs/
h/!Efufsnjof!uif!fyufou!up!xijdi!uif!
MFB!boe!dibsufs!tdippm t!qsbdujdft!Pckfdujwf!6c!xjui!fmfnfout!pg!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz!sfqsftfoujoh!cftu!qsbdujdft/
jo!Pckfdujwf!5/
Jefoujgz!cftu!qsbdujdft!vtfe!bu!7
uif!tfmfdufe!MFBt!uibu!dpvme!cf!qsfwfoujpo!boe!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!cfuxffo!uif!dibsufs!tdippm!boe!jut!bvuipsj{joh!MFB/
jnqmfnfoufe!cz!dibsufs!tdippmt!boe!
Sfwjfxfe!tdippm!ejtusjdu!boe!dibsufs!tdippm!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft!boe!qspdfevsft!up! cftu!qsbdujdft!vtfe!bu!tfmfdufe!dibsufs!
jefoujgz!cftu!qsbdujdft/ tdippmt!uibu!dpvme!cf!jnqmfnfoufe!
cz!MFBt-!boe!bsfbt!xifsf!dibsufs!
Sfwjfx!boe!bttftt!boz!puifs!jttvft!8
efufsnjof!xifuifs!uif!tfmfdufe!MFBt!vtf!NITB!gvoet!up!qbz!gps!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspwjefst/!
Xf!pcubjofe!boe!sfwjfxfe!epdvnfout!eftdsjcjoh!DNT!bqqspwbm!pg!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!
Bobmz{fe!tubuf!mbx!up!jefoujgz!uif!foujujft!fmjhjcmf!up!qbsujdjqbuf!jo!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!
boe!efufsnjofe!uif!upubm!ovncfs!pg!fmjhjcmf!MFBt/!Xf!pcubjofe!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!cjmmjoh!
pqujpo!qsphsbn!qspwjefs!ebub!up!efufsnjof!uif!ovncfs!pg!MFBt!uibu!qbsujdjqbufe!jo!uif!
qsphsbn!bt!Nfej.Dbm!qspwjefst/!Xf!joufswjfxfe!uif!tfmfdufe!MFBt!up!efufsnjof!xifuifs!uifz!
xfsf!bxbsf!pg-!ps!qbsujdjqbujoh!jo-!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn/!
MFBt/!Xf!pcubjofe!boe!sfwjfxfe!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft fnbjm!mjtu!up!jefoujgz!uif!ovncfs!pg!MFBt!
boe!pshboj{bujpot!up!xijdi!ju!xbt!qspwjejoh!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!jogpsnbujpo!bt!pg!Kvmz!3131/!
uifjs!nfuipe!pg!dpotpmjebujoh!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!benjojtusbujwf!sftqpotjcjmjujft!bu!uif!
zfbs!312:31/!
qspwjef!tuvefout!xjui!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft-!up!efufsnjof!ipx!uifz!vtfe!NITB!gvoet/!Gsftop!
vtft!tpnf!NITB!gvoet!up!jodsfbtf!uif!ovncfs!pg!nfoubm!ifbmui!qspwjefst!po!tdippm!dbnqvtft-!
xijmf!Bmbnfeb!vtft!NITB!gvoet!up!qspnpuf!uif!tfswjdft!ju!qspwjeft!bu!jut!tdippm.cbtfe!
Tpvsdf;!
ujumfe!Nfuipe/
59 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Cmbol!qbhf!jotfsufe!gps!sfqspevdujpo!qvsqptft!pomz/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 5:
Tfqufncfs!3131
Bqqfoejy!C
Nfuipet!Vtfe!up!Bttftt!Ebub!Sfmjbcjmjuz!
boe!bqqspqsjbufoftt!pg!dpnqvufs.qspdfttfe!jogpsnbujpo!xf!
jogpsnbujpo!tztufnt!xf!vtfe-!pvs!nfuipet!gps!uftujoh!uifn-!boe!
uif!sftvmut!pg!pvs!bttfttnfout/
Ubcmf!C
Bttfttnfou!pg!Ebub!Sfmjbcjmjuz!
EBUB!TPVSDFQVSQPTFNFUIPE!BOE!SFTVMUDPODMVTJPO
FevdbujpoUp!efufsnjof!uif!
sfqpsufe!ovncfs!pg!fmfduspojd!uftujoh!pg!lfz!ebub!fmfnfout-!boe!uijt!bveju/ Dbmjgpsojb!Mpohjuvejobm!Qvqjm!
fospmmfe!tuvefout!sfwjfxfe!fyjtujoh!jogpsnbujpo-!boe!eje!opu! Bdijfwfnfou!Ebub!Tztufn!Ipxfwfs-!xf!eje!opu!fwbmvbuf!uif!bddvsbdz!
DBMQBET*!boe!EbubRvftu-!pg!uif!MFB.sfqpsufe!jogpsnbujpo/
boe!up!efufsnjof!MFB! xijdi!jt!qpqvmbufe!gspn!
njeemf!boe!ijhi!tdippm! DBMQBET/!
fospmmnfou!cz!hsbef/
Qvcmjd!IfbmuiUp!efufsnjof!uif!
ovncfs!pg!jodjefodft!fmfduspojd!uftujoh!pg!lfz!ebub!fmfnfout-!boe!uijt!bveju/ Wjubm!Efbui!Ebub
pg!zpvui!)bhft!232:*!sfwjfxfe!fyjtujoh!jogpsnbujpo-!boe!eje!opu!
tvjdjef!cz!dpvouz/
Up!efufsnjof!uif!
Qmboojoh!boe!Efwfmpqnfouovncfs!pg!jotubodft!fmfduspojd!uftujoh!pg!lfz!ebub!fmfnfout-!boe!uijt!bveju/
pg!zpvui!)bhft!232:*!sfwjfxfe!fyjtujoh!jogpsnbujpo-!boe!eje!opu! Iptqjubm!Fodpvoufs!Ebub!
tfmg.ibsn!cz!dpvouz/
Up!efufsnjof!nfoubm!Xf!dpodmvefe!uibu!uif!ebub!bsf!pg!
ifbmui!qspgfttjpobm!qspdfevsft-!fmfduspojd!uftujoh!pg!lfz!voefufsnjofe!sfmjbcjmjuz/!Bmuipvhi!xf!
ebub!fmfnfout-!boe!sfwjfxfe!fyjtujoh!
Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ejtusjdu! bttpdjbufe!dptut-!boe!jogpsnbujpo/!Jo!beejujpo-!xf!tibsfe!uif!uif!qsfdjtjpo!pg!uif!ovncfst!xf!qsftfou-!
Ifbsumboe!Dibsufs! uif!tpvsdf!pg!gvoejoh/sftvmut!pg!pvs!bobmztjt!xjui!fbdi!MFB-!boe!
Ipxfwfs-!xf!eje!opu!qfsgpsn!bddvsbdz! Sfexppet!Dibsufs! ps!dpnqmfufoftt!uftujoh!cfdbvtf!uif!
tvqqpsujoh!epdvnfoubujpo!jt!nbjoubjofe!
bu!wbsjpvt!gbdjmjujft!bdsptt!uif!tubuf!boe!
DPWJE.2:!nbef!usbwfm!up!uiftf!tjuft!up!
dpoevdu!tvdi!uftujoh!jnqsbdujdbm/
dpoujovfe!po!ofyu!qbhf!/!/!/
61 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
EBUB!TPVSDFQVSQPTFNFUIPE!BOE!SFTVMUDPODMVTJPO
Dbmjgpsojb!Ifbmui!boe!Up!efufsnjof!uif!Xf!qfsgpsnfe!fmfduspojd!uftujoh!pg!lfz!ebub!Cfdbvtf!uiftf!ebub!bsf!vtfe!qsjnbsjmz!gps!
Ivnbo!Tfswjdft!Bhfodzovncfs!pg!joejwjevbmt!fmfnfout!boe!sfwjfxfe!fyjtujoh!jogpsnbujpo/!cbdlhspvoe!ps!dpoufyuvbm!jogpsnbujpo!
fospmmfe!jo!Nfej.Dbm!cz!Xf!eje!opu!jefoujgz!boz!jttvft/ Pqfo!Ebub!Qpsubm
bhf!31!bt!pg!Kvmz!312:dpodmvtjpot-!ps!sfdpnnfoebujpot-!
xf!efufsnjofe!uibu!b!ebub!sfmjbcjmjuz!
bttfttnfou!xbt!opu!ofdfttbsz/
Efqbsunfou!pg!GjobodfUp!efufsnjof!uif!Xf!qfsgpsnfe!fmfduspojd!uftujoh!pg!lfz!ebub!Cfdbvtf!uiftf!ebub!bsf!vtfe!qsjnbsjmz!gps!
Tubuft!qpqvmbujpo!fmfnfout/!Xf!eje!opu!jefoujgz!boz!jttvft/cbdlhspvoe!ps!dpoufyuvbm!jogpsnbujpo! Efnphsbqijd!Sftfbsdi!Voju
uispvhi!bhf!31!bt!pg!
Qpqvmbujpo!Qspkfdujpot! Kvmz!312:/!dpodmvtjpot-!ps!sfdpnnfoebujpot-!
xf!efufsnjofe!uibu!b!ebub!sfmjbcjmjuz!
bttfttnfou!xbt!opu!ofdfttbsz/
Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdf t!Cjmmjoh!Up!efufsnjof!uif!Cfdbvtf!uiftf!ebub!bsf!vtfe!qsjnbsjmz!gps!
Pqujpo!Qsphsbnupubm!ovncfs!pg!MFBt!qspdfevsft!boe!fmfduspojd!uftujoh!pg!cbdlhspvoe!ps!dpoufyuvbm!jogpsnbujpo!
qbsujdjqbujoh!jo!uif!MFB!lfz!ebub!fmfnfout/!Xf!eje!opu!jefoujgz! Cjmmjoh!Pqujpo!Qsphsbn!
cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn/dpodmvtjpot-!ps!sfdpnnfoebujpot-!
xf!efufsnjofe!uibu!b!ebub!sfmjbcjmjuz!
bttfttnfou!xbt!opu!ofdfttbsz/
Ifbmui!Dbsf!TfswjdftUp!efufsnjof!uif!Cfdbvtf!uif!ebub!bsf!vtfe!qsjnbsjmz!gps!
upubm!ovncfs!pg!MFBt!qspdfevsft!boe!fmfduspojd!uftujoh!pg!cbdlhspvoe!ps!dpoufyuvbm!jogpsnbujpo! MFB!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!
boe!pshboj{bujpot!po!lfz!ebub!fmfnfout/!Xf!eje!opu!jefoujgz! fnbjm!mjtutfsw!
Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!dpodmvtjpot-!ps!sfdpnnfoebujpot-!
cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!xf!efufsnjofe!uibu!b!ebub!sfmjbcjmjuz!
nbjmjoh!mjtu/bttfttnfou!xbt!opu!ofdfttbsz/
Tpvsdf;!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 62
Tfqufncfs!3131
September 3, 2020
Elaine M. Howle, State Auditor
California State Auditor
621Capitol Mall, Suite 1200
Sacramento, CA 95814
Subject: Youth Suicide Prevention: Local Educational Agencies Lack the
Resources andPolicies Necessary toEffectively Address Rising Rates of
Youth Suicide andSelf-Harm, Report Number 2019-125,September
2020
Dear Ms. Howle:
TheCalifornia Department ofEducation (Education) appreciates theopportunity to
provide commentsand address therecommendations outlined intheCalifornia
State Auditor’s (CSA)AuditReport titled, Youth Suicide Prevention: Local
Educational Agencies Lack theResources and Policies Necessary toEffectively
Address Rising Rates ofYouth Suicide andSelf-Harm,which offered helpful
insightintohowsix ofCalifornia’sLocal Educational Agencies (LEAs) are
addressing youth suicide prevention.
The StateSuperintendent ofPublic Instruction (SSPI), Tony Thurmond, isdeeply
committed toaddressing students’ mental health wellness andneeds, including
leading thecharge toprovide mental health services tokidstohelpcombat the
pressures ofbullying, theimpact oftrauma, andother barriers tosuccess. The
SSPI’sdedication tostudent andstaffwellness isstronger thaneveras we
continue tofaceemotional challenges thatstem from COVID-19andongoing
struggles forracial justice. TheSSPI’scalltoaction toassist students with mental
health support isdocumented inEducation’sNews Release at
http://www.cde.ca.gov/nr/ne/yr20/yr20rel43.asp,where several linksto Education’s
resources foreducators, families, andstudentsare provided.
Tofurther assist LEAs and schoolcommunities inappropriately addressing the
complex issues ofstudent wellness andmental health needs, Education has
developed andimplemented programs, supports, andresources, which canbe
accessed at https://www.cde.ca.gov/ls/cg/mh/mhresources.aspand
https://www.cde.ca.gov/ci/se/index.asp.
Education plans toimplement theCSA’srecommendationsas described below.
63 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Ms. Elaine M. Howle, State Auditor
September 3, 2020
Page2
Recommendation 1
Topromote the adoption of thebest practices thatithasidentified, Education
should remind LEAs oftheelements initsmodelpolicy. Todoso, itshould
annually send anotice toallLEAs thatdescribes suicide prevention resources,
such asthemodel policy, andencourages theiruse.
Education should alsowork withexternal organizations thatmaintain model
policies, including theSchool Boards Association, toencourage thedevelopment
ofpolicies thatareconsistent with state lawandbestpractices bynolaterthan
September 2021.
Education’sComments
Concur. Currently, Education encourages theuseofthemodel suicide
prevention policy bymaking itavailable onitswebpage, Youth Suicide
Prevention.Tofurther thiseffort, Education willsend aletterannuallyand
use other communication channels toremind LEAs oftheir responsibility to
adopt, implement, andreview their policies, along with resources, best
practices, activities, programs, andtrainings related tosuicide prevention.
Inaddition, Educationwill collaborate with theCalifornia School Boards
Association andother organizationsin aneffort toalign policies andrequest
theinclusionofthe same elements as Education’smodel suicide prevention
policyby September 2021.
Recommendation 2
Toencourage LEAs toincorporate elements of suicide prevention training that
provide teachers andstaff withthe knowledge necessary toassist students atrisk
ofself-harm andsuicide, Education shouldremind allLEAs ofthestatutorily
required elements forsuicide prevention training.
Education’sComments
Concur. Education willinclude information intheannual reminder letter sent
toallLEAs regarding thestatutorily required elements forsuicide prevention
training asrequired byECSection 215.
Recommendation 3
Tosupport theprovision ofsuicide prevention education tostudents while LEAs
operate through distance learning, Education should complete and issue toLEAs
the resources andguidance itisdeveloping onhowtoconduct suicide prevention
education remotely.
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 64
Tfqufncfs!3131
Ms. Elaine M. Howle, State Auditor
September 3, 2020
Page3
Education’sComments
Concur. Education isin theprocess ofdeveloping guidance and resources
forLEAs touseaspartoftheirsuicide prevention virtual programming;
dissemination isanticipated tooccur by October 2020. Inaddition,
Education willcollaborate withexternal partners toidentifyprograms that
canbedelivered virtually toLEAs.
Ifyouhaveanyquestions regarding theEducation’scomments and/orcorrective
actions, please contact KimberlyTarvin,Director, Audits andInvestigations
Division, by phone at916-323-1547 orbyemail atktarvin@cde.ca.gov.
Sincerely,
Stephanie Gregson, Ed.D.
Chief Deputy Superintendent of Public Instruction
SG:kl
65 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Cmbol!qbhf!jotfsufe!gps!sfqspevdujpo!qvsqptft!pomz/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 66
Tfqufncfs!3131
2
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups t!dpnnfou!bqqfbst!po!qbhf!68/
67 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 68
Tfqufncfs!3131
Dpnnfou
DBMJGPSOJB!TUBUF!BVEJUPST!DPNNFOU!PO!UIF!
SFTQPOTF!GSPN!QVCMJD!IFBMUI!
Up!qspwjef!dmbsjuz!boe!qfstqfdujwf-!xf!bsf!dpnnfoujoh!po!uif!
cfmpx!dpssftqpoe!up!uif!ovncfs!xf!qmbdfe!jo!uif!nbshjo!pg!
2Bmuipvhi!tubuf!mbx!sfrvjsft!ju!up!ep!tp-!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!epft!opu!
dpnnju!up!ftubcmjtijoh!uif!tvqqpsu!qsphsbn/!Bgufs!fwbmvbujoh!uif!
sftpvsdft!ofdfttbsz!up!ep!tp-!Qvcmjd!Ifbmui!tipvme!ftubcmjti!uif!
tvqqpsu!qsphsbn!jo!bddpsebodf!xjui!uif!sfrvjsfnfout!jo!tubuf!mbx!
69 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Cmbol!qbhf!jotfsufe!gps!sfqspevdujpo!qvsqptft!pomz/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 6:
Tfqufncfs!3131
2
3
4
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups t!dpnnfout!cfhjo!po!qbhf!72/
71 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
5
6
7
5
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 72
Tfqufncfs!3131
Dpnnfout
DBMJGPSOJB!TUBUF!BVEJUPST!DPNNFOUT!PO!UIF!
SFTQPOTF!GSPN!IFBMUI!DBSF!TFSWJDFT
Up!qspwjef!dmbsjuz!boe!qfstqfdujwf-!xf!bsf!dpnnfoujoh!po!uif!
ovncfst!cfmpx!dpssftqpoe!up!uif!ovncfst!xf!qmbdfe!jo!uif!nbshjo!
pg!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft sftqpotf/!!
2Evsjoh!uif!qvcmjdbujpo!qspdftt!gps!uif!bveju!sfqpsu-!qbhf!ovncfst!
qvcmjtife!bveju!sfqpsu/
3Bu!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft tvhhftujpo-!xf!ibwf!sfwjtfe!uif!tfoufodf!
uispvhi!uijt!qsphsbn<!xf!ibwf!sfqmbdfe!uif!qisbtf!dfsubjo!
ifbmui!sfmbufe!tfswjdftxijdi!jt!uif!ufsn!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!
vtft!jo!jut!qvcmjtife!nbufsjbmt!gps!uijt!qsphsbnxjui!nfejdbmmz!
4Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!ibt!njtdpotusvfe!uif!obuvsf!pg!jut!csbodi!
sftqpotjcjmjujft!boe!sfevdf!uif!benjojtusbujwf!cvsefo!pg!pcubjojoh!
sfjncvstfnfou!gps!uif!tfswjdft!uif!MFB!qspwjeft/!Gps!fybnqmf-!
Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft mjtu!pg!Nfej.Dbm!qspwjefst!qbsujdjqbujoh!jo!
offe!up!cf/!Bt!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!MFB!Pocpbsejoh!Iboecppl!
eftdsjcft-!nvmujqmf!MFBt!dbo!qppm!uifjs!sftpvsdft!boe!cjmm!Nfej.Dbm!
sfhjtufsfe!xjui!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!jt!mpxfs!uibo!ju!xpvme!cf!jg!
uiptf!foujujft!xfsf!sfhjtufsfe!bt!joejwjevbm!Nfej.Dbm!qspwjefst/
5Up!tjnqmjgz!uif!sfqpsu!ufyu!gps!sfbefst-!xf!bccsfwjbufe!uif!ujumf!pg!
Nfej.Dbm!Dmbjnt!boe!Tfswjdft!Csbodi!Dijfg up!csbodi!dijfg/
6Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft tubufnfou!epft!opu!bmjho!xjui!uif!jogpsnbujpo!
ju!qspwjefe!evsjoh!uif!dpvstf!pg!uif!bveju/!Xf!sfqfbufemz!sfrvftufe!
jogpsnbujpo!boe!epdvnfoubujpo!gspn!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!
sfhbsejoh!jut!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!pvusfbdi/!Cfdbvtf!ju!xbt!
vobcmf!up!qspwjef!fwjefodf!uibu!ju!ibe!qspwjefe!jogpsnbujpo!up!
opoqbsujdjqbujoh!MFBt-!xf!tqplf!xjui!uif!csbodi!dijfg!xip!
jogpsnfe!vt!uibu!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!efmfhbuft!tvdi!pvusfbdi!up!
73 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
uibu!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn!xfctjuf!nbz!cf!b!vtfgvm!sftpvsdf<!
ipxfwfs-!pvs!tubufnfou!jo!uif!sfqpsu!beesfttft!tfoejoh!jogpsnbujpo!
up!opoqbsujdjqbujoh!MFBt/!Xjuipvu!jogpsnjoh!uif!MFBt!pg!uif!
qsphsbnt!fyjtufodf-!ju!jt!vodmfbs!ipx!uifz!xpvme!mfbso!pg!uif!
xfctjuf!uibu!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!eftdsjcft/
7 Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft tubufnfou!epft!opu!bmjho!xjui!uif!jogpsnbujpo!
ju!qspwjefe!evsjoh!uif!dpvstf!pg!uif!bveju/!Xf!sfrvftufe!
jogpsnbujpo!boe!epdvnfoubujpo!gspn!Ifbmui!Dbsf!Tfswjdft!
xjui!uif!cjmmjoh!pqujpo!qsphsbn/!Cfdbvtf!ju!xbt!vobcmf!up!qspwjef!
fwjefodf!uibu!ju!ibe!qspwjefe!uijt!jogpsnbujpo!up!opoqbsujdjqbujoh!
Dbsf!Tfswjdft!eje!opu!jogpsn!!MFBt!bcpvu!uif!pqujpo!up!qbsuofs!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 74
Tfqufncfs!3131
Tfqufncfs!4-!3131
Fmbjof!N/!Ipxmf-!DQB
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups
Efbs!Nt/!Ipxmf;
Po!cfibmg!pg!Hbufxbz!Qvcmjd!Tdippmt-!J!xbou!up!uibol!zpv!gps!uif!pqqpsuvojuz!up!sftqpoe!up!uif!
esbgu!sfqpsu!ujumfe!Mpdbm!Fevdbujpobm!Bhfodjft!mbdl!uif!Sftpvsdft!boe!Qpmjdjft!Ofdfttbsz!up!
Fggfdujwfmz!Beesftt!Sjtjoh!Sbuft!pg!Zpvui!Tvjdjef!boe!Tfmg.Ibsn xijdi!efubjmt!uif!sftvmut!pg!
bveju!uibu!zpv!dpoevdufe!xjui!pvs!pshboj{bujpo/!
Uif!hpbm!pg!pvs!sftqpotf!jt!up!beesftt!uif!jufnt!uibu!zpv!jefoujgjfe!bt!cfjoh!jotvggjdjfou!bu!pvs!
pshboj{bujpo!sfmbufe!up!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo/!Tpnf!pg!uiftf!jufnt!sfqsftfou!xfmdpnf!
pqqpsuvojujft!gps!dpoujovfe!jnqspwfnfou!po!uijt!jnqpsubou!upqjd/!Xf!cfmjfwf!puifs!bsfbt!pg!
2jefoujgjfe!efgjdjfodjft!ep!opu!gvmmz!sfgmfdu!uif!qpmjdjft!boe!bdujwjujft!uibu!xf!ep!qvstvf!fbdi!zfbs!
up!tvqqpsu!pvs!tuvefout/!Cfmpx!bsf!uif!jufnt!gspn!uif!ubcmft!jo!uif!sfqpsu!uibu!xf!bsf!sftqpoejoh!
up/!
Ubcmf!2!.!Uif!MFB!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo!Qpmjdjft!Xf!Sfwjfxfe!Mbdlfe!Dsvdjbm!Fmfnfout
Sfrvjsfnfou!ps!Cftu!QsbdujdfHbufxbz!Dibsufs!.!Sftqpotf
Beesfttft!offet!pg!bu.sjtl!hspvqt-!tvdi!Hbufxbz!qspwjeft!b!cspbe!tvqqpsu!tztufn!gps!bu.
bt!MHCUR!zpvui!boe!zpvui!jo!gptufs!sjtl!zpvui!boe!jt!dpnnjuufe!up!fotvsjoh!uibu!bmm!
dbsfgvuvsf!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoht!fnqibtj{f!ijhi!
sjtl!hspvqt-!jodmvejoh!MHCUR!zpvui!boe!zpvui!jo!
gptufs!dbsf/
Dpotusvdufe!jo!dpotvmubujpo!xjui!Hbufxbz t!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdz!xbt!jojujbmmz!
dpnnvojuz!tublfipmefstefwfmpqfe!jo!dpmmbcpsbujpo!cfuxffo!benjojtusbupst!
boe!tdippm!tjuf!dpvotfmpst!bdsptt!tdippmt/!!
Npwjoh!gpsxbse-!Hbufxbz!xjmm!fotvsf!uibu!
beejujpobm!tublfipmefst-!qbsujdvmbsmz!tuvefout-!
gbnjmjft-!boe!puifs!dpnnvojuz!nfncfst-!bsf!
jowpmwfe!jo!vqebujoh!uif!qpmjdz/!
2541!Tdpuu!Tusffu-!Tbo!Gsbodjtdp-!DB!:5226!}!U;!526/85:/4711!}!G;!526/85:/3827!}!xxx/hbufxbzqvcmjdtdippmt/psh!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups t!dpnnfout!cfhjo!po!qbhf!78/
75 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Ubcmf!3!.!Jo!Bdbefnjd!Zfbs!312:.31!Opof!pg!uif!MFBt!Usbjojoht!Xf!Sfwjfxfe!Jodmvefe!BMM!
pg!uifFmfnfout!Jefoujgjfe!jo!Tubuf!Mbx!boe!Fevdbujpo t!Cftu!Qsbdujdft
Tubuf!mbx!sfrvjsft!usbjojoht!up;Hbufxbz!Dibsufs!.!Sftqpotf
Jefoujgz!dpnnvojuz.cbtfe!nfoubm!ifbmui!Hbufxbz!nfoubm!ifbmui!dpvotfmpst!ibwf!qspwjefe!
tfswjdft!boe!xifo!boe!ipx!up!sfgfs!sfgfssbmt!up!nboz!pvutjef!bhfodjft!boe!ibwf!
uifnqbsuofsfe!dmptfmz!xjui!tfwfsbm!dpnnvojuz.cbtfe!
3 pshboj{bujpot!jo!qspwjejoh!tvqqpsu!gps!pvs!tuvefout/!
Boe!ufbdifst!lopx!up!xpsl!uispvhi!pvs!dpvotfmpst!
gps!uiftf!sfgfssbmt/!Npwjoh!gpsxbse-!xf!xjmm!bmtp!
fotvsf!uibu!bmm!gbdvmuz!xjmm!cf!usbjofe!jo!xifo!boe!
ipx!up!sfgfs!tuvefout!up!dpnnvojuz.cbtfe!nfoubm!
ifbmui!tfswjdft/!Ipxfwfs-!uif!sfgfssbm!qspdftt!ibt!
cffo!ibqqfojoh!tvddfttgvmmz/
Fevdbujpo!sfdpnnfoet!usbjojoht!up;Hbufxbz!Dibsufs!.!Sftqpotf
Ejtdvtt!ijhi!sjtl!hspvqtHbufxbz!jt!dpnnjuufe!up!fotvsjoh!uibu!bmm!gvuvsf!
usbjojoht!fnqibtj{f!ijhi!sjtl!hspvqt-!jodmvejoh!
MHCUR!zpvui!boe!zpvui!jo!gptufs!dbsf/
Ejtdvtt!bmm!uisff!fmfnfout!pg!tvjdjef!Gvuvsf!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!xjmm!jodmvef!bmm!
jefoujgjdujpo!.!sjtl!gbdupst-!xbsojoh!uisff!fmfnfout!pg!tvjdjef!jefoujgjdbujpo-!jodmvejoh!b!
gbdupst-!boe!qspufdujwf!gbdupstsfwjfx!pg!sjtl!gbdupst-!xbsojoh!gbdupst-!boe!
qspufdujwf!gbdupst/!
Ejtdvtt!usfoet!jefoujgjfe!jo!ebub!po!tfmg.Hbufxbz!xjmm!dpoujovf!up!vtf!ebub!usfoet!up!hvjef! 4
ibsn!jodjefout!boe!tvjdjeft!xjuijo!uif!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft!boe!usbjojoht/!Xf!xjmm!
MFBt!sfhjpofotvsf!uibu!ebub!gspn!pvs!mpdbm!sfhjpo!dpoujovft!up!
cf!jodmvefe!jo!uijt!qsbdujdf/
2541!Tdpuu!Tusffu-!Tbo!Gsbodjtdp-!DB!:5226!}!U;!526/85:/4711!}!G;!526/85:/3827!}!xxx/hbufxbzqvcmjdtdippmt/psh!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 76
Tfqufncfs!3131
Ubcmf!5!.!Pomz!gpvs!MFBt!Qspwjefe!Tvjdjef!Qsfwfoujpo!Usbjojoh!up!Cpui!Ufbdifst!boe!Puifs!
Tubgg!Evsjoh!Tdippm!Zfbs!312:.3131/
Sfrvjsfnfou!ps!Cftu!QsbdujdfHbufxbz!Dibsufs!.!Sftqpotf
Qspwjefe!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!up!Hbufxbz!xjmm!fotvsf!uibu!bmm!tubgg-!jodmvejoh!
puifs!tubggdpbdift-!tfdvsjuz!hvbset-!boe!tfdsfubsjft-!bsf!
sfrvjsfe!up!buufoe!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!
npwjoh!gpsxbse/!!
Uibol!zpv!bhbjo!gps!uif!pqqpsuvojuz!up!sftqpoe!up!zpvs!esbgu!sfqpsu/!Xf!sfnbjo!bwbjmbcmf!gps!
beejujpobm!rvftujpot!boe!xf!bsf!dpogjefou!uibu!uijt!bveju!qspdftt!xjmm!pomz!tusfohuifo!pvs!
pshboj{bujpot!pohpjoh!fggpsut!jo!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo/!
Tjodfsfmz
Tibspo!Pmlfo
Fyfdvujwf!Ejsfdups
Hbufxbz!Qvcmjd!Tdippmt
2541!Tdpuu!Tusffu-!Tbo!Gsbodjtdp-!DB!:5226!}!U;!526/85:/4711!}!G;!526/85:/3827!}!xxx/hbufxbzqvcmjdtdippmt/psh!
77 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Cmbol!qbhf!jotfsufe!gps!sfqspevdujpo!qvsqptft!pomz/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 78
Tfqufncfs!3131
Dpnnfout
DBMJGPSOJB!TUBUF!BVEJUPST!DPNNFOUT!PO!UIF!
SFTQPOTF!GSPN!HBUFXBZ!DIBSUFS
Up!qspwjef!dmbsjuz!boe!qfstqfdujwf-!xf!bsf!dpnnfoujoh!po!uif!
cfmpx!dpssftqpoe!up!uif!ovncfst!xf!qmbdfe!jo!uif!nbshjo!pg!
Hbufxbz!Dibsufst!sftqpotf/!!
2Xf!tuboe!cz!pvs!bveju!dpodmvtjpot/!Pvs!sfwjfx!pg!Hbufxbz!
Dibsufst!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft!boe!usbjojoh!gpvoe!uibu!uifz!
gbjmfe!up!gvmmz!beesftt!tubuvupsz!sfrvjsfnfout!boe!eje!opu!jodmvef!bmm!
pg!uif!cftu!qsbdujdft!uibu!Fevdbujpo!sfdpnnfoet-!xijdi!xf!ejtdvtt!
3Hbufxbz!Dibsufs!epft!opu!ibwf!b!nfuipe!up!fotvsf!uibu!ufbdifst!
cf!bxbsf!pg!uif!dpnnvojuz.cbtfe!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft!bwbjmbcmf!
boe!ipx!up!sfgfs!tuvefout!up!uifn-!uijt!fmfnfou!xbt!opu!jodmvefe!
jo!uif!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh!Hbufxbz!Dibsufs!dpoevdufe-!
Dibsufs!qfstpoofm!nbz!opu!cf!bxbsf!pg!uif!sfmfwbou!sftpvsdft!ps!
qspqfsmz!frvjqqfe!up!jefoujgz!boe!sftqpoe!up!b!tuvefou!jo!dsjtjt/!!
4
joejdbuft-!xf!gpvoe!uibu!Hbufxbz!Dibsufst!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
ibsn!
tipvme!bmufs!jut!usbjojoh!up!jodmvef!uijt!jogpsnbujpo/!
79 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Cmbol!qbhf!jotfsufe!gps!sfqspevdujpo!qvsqptft!pomz/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 7:
Tfqufncfs!3131
September 3, 2020
Via electronic mail and USPS
California State Auditor
Elaine M. Howle, CPA
621 Capital Mall, Suite 1200
Sacramento, CA 95814
Dear Ms. Howle:
I write in response to the California State Auditor's draft report entitled Youth
Suicide Prevention received by Heartland Charter School on August 28, 2020.
First, Iwould like to thank you and your staff for conducting this audit and for
the insight provided to Heartland as a result of your review of our school’s
suicide prevention plan. We desire to serve and protect our students’
emotional well-being and do all we can to prevent this heartbreaking problem
of youth suicide within California.
Heartland recognizes the areas of improvement needed in its school suicide
prevention as identified in the report. While the audit covered our first year of
operation when we were under acharter management organization that
served us in this area, we are now independent and have certainly grown in
this. We do plan to take the following necessary steps to further align our
practices with the administrative requirements of the California Education
Code and will be prepared to implement any future changes in state law.
81 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
In response to the recommendations in the report, Heartland will make the
following changes:
Incorporate our local partners including our public health department
and California Medical Assistance Program (Medi-Cal) to support our efforts
and serve students utilizing all that is available to them.
We will organize apostvention response team
Heartland has since created a suicide prevention tool kit and improved
training for our staff which identifies trends within our region.
Currently the report states we were understaffed in school nurses,
counselors, and social workers. Last year these positions were employed by
the charter management organization while serving our school. This year, as
an independent school, we employ these positions directly. We also utilize
outsourcing with contracted NPAs when needed to ensure we are meeting the
needs of students. And it is with great joy that we have learned that Heartland
qualifies for MHSA to employ more mental healthcare professionals.
Heartland is committed to improve the safety of our students and meet the
suicide prevention safeguards required by state law.
Sincerely,
Courtney McCorkle
Executive Director
Heartland Charter School
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 82
Tfqufncfs!3131
2
3
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups t!dpnnfout!cfhjo!po!qbhf!84/
83 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
4
5
5
5
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 84
Tfqufncfs!3131
Dpnnfout
DBMJGPSOJB!TUBUF!BVEJUPST!DPNNFOUT!PO!UIF!
SFTQPOTF!GSPN!LFSO!IJHI!TDIPPM!EJTUSJDU!
Up!qspwjef!dmbsjuz!boe!qfstqfdujwf-!xf!bsf!dpnnfoujoh!po!uif!
ovncfst!cfmpx!dpssftqpoe!up!uif!ovncfst!xf!qmbdfe!jo!uif!nbshjo!
pg!Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ejtusjdut!sftqpotf/!!
2Bmuipvhi!Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ejtusjdu!fnqmpzt!b!mbshf!ovncfs!pg!
nfoubm!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt-!ju!gbjmfe!up!fnqmpz!uif!sfdpnnfoefe!
3Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ejtusjdut!tubufnfou!epft!opu!beesftt!uif!
joejwjevbmt!uibu!ju!gbjmfe!up!jodmvef!xifo!dsfbujoh!jut!tvjdjef!
Ejtusjdu!xbt!vobcmf!up!efnpotusbuf!uibu!ju!pcubjofe!gffecbdl!gspn!
fyufsobm!tublfipmefst!xifo!dpotusvdujoh!jut!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!
qpmjdz/!Tubuf!mbx!boe!Fevdbujpot!npefm!qpmjdz!jefoujgz!uif!hspvqt!
uibu!MFBt!nvtu!ps!tipvme!jowpmwf!xifo!efwfmpqjoh!tvjdjef!
qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft/
4Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ejtusjdu!ibt!njtsfqsftfoufe!pvs!dpodmvtjpot/!
Dpousbsz!up!Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ejtusjdut!tubufnfou-!xf!eje!opu!
tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh/!Xf!bttfttfe!uif!befrvbdz!pg!tvjdjef!
Tdippm!Ejtusjdu!vtfe!evsjoh!uibu!zfbs!gbjmfe!up!gvmmz!beesftt!
tubuvupsz!sfrvjsfnfout!boe!jodmvef!cftu!qsbdujdft!uibu!Fevdbujpo!
tuvefout!bsf!bu!sjtl!pg!tvjdjef/
5Xf!mppl!gpsxbse!up!sfwjfxjoh!Lfso!Ijhi!Tdippm!Ejtusjdut!
sftqpotft!eftdsjcjoh!jut!qsphsftt!jo!jnqmfnfoujoh!uiftf!
qvcmjdbujpo!pg!uijt!sfqpsu/
85 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Cmbol!qbhf!jotfsufe!gps!sfqspevdujpo!qvsqptft!pomz/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 86
Tfqufncfs!3131
Dr. VincentMatthews
SuperintendentofSchools
San Francisco Unified School District DanielleM. HouckLEGALDEPARTMENTGeneralCounselrd555FranklinStreet, 3Floor, SanFrancisco, CA94102 daniellehouck@sfusd.eduTelephone (415) 241-6216Fax(415) 241-6371
AngelaMiller
Sr. DeputyGeneralCounsel
millera1@sfusd.edu
September3, 2020
ElaineM. Howle, CPA, CaliforniaStateAuditor
621CapitolMall, Suite1200
Sacramento, CA95814
DearMs. Howle,
Thankyoufortheopportunitytoreviewthedraftreportentitled “YouthSuicide
Prevention:LocalEducationalAgenciesLacktheResourcesandPoliciesNecessaryto
EffectivelyAddressRisingRatesofYouthSuicideandSelfHarm.”Ourrelevantstudenthealth
staffhavereviewedthedraftreportandhaveprovidedthefollowingfeedbackandclarifications,
organizedbypagenumberinthedraftreport:
2P. 5,6)TheSFUSDWellnessInitiativemodelisnotthesameasa "school-basedhealthcenter."
Rather, itisamodelofservicedevisedbythedistricttoreachstudentsinschoolswithnecessary
servicesandactingasamechanismtorefertocommunitybasedorprimarycareserviceswhen
3needed. Schoolbasedhealthcentersprovideprimarycareaswellasothersexualhealthmedical
servicesnotavailableinWellnesscenters.However, SFUSDdoeshaveoneDPHschoolbased
healthcenterco-locatedinaWellnesscenter, andtwoDPHsexualhealthclinicsco-located
withinWellnesscenters.
4P. 11)"Committedsuicide" shouldbechangedto "diedbysuicide" perAmericanFoundation
forSuicidePrevention -ReportingonSuicideGuidelines
P. 17Figure5)Itdoesnotappearthatthischartconsiderssuicideorselfharmbytransgender 5orgendernonconformingstudents, isthatcorrect?Thechartdoesnotacknowledgewhetherthis
wasconsidered.
4P. 19)Recommendchanging "commitssuicide" to "diedbysuicide" forreasonstatedabove.
6P. 20/21)Ininterviewswithauditors, SFUSDsharedthatstaffregularlycollaboratewith
communitybasedorganizationsforbothconsultationandservices, includingtheComprehensive
CrisisServices (aprogramofDPH), Edgewood’sCSU, SFSuicidePreventionandRichmond
AreaMultiServicesAgency.Itisinaccuratetobroadlyconcludethat “LEAsconsistentfailure
toincludecommunitygroupssuggeststhattheymaynotfullyrecognizethebenefitsofdoing
so.”ThisconclusionignoresthemeaningfulcollaborationsbetweenSFUSDandcommunity
stakeholdersbasedsolelyontheabsenceofasign-insheetrelatedtopolicydevelopment.
Recognizingthebenefitsofcommunitystakeholdersupportgoesbeyondcollectingfeedbackon
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups t!dpnnfout!cfhjo!po!qbhf!8:/
87 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
awrittenpolicy; themoreimpactfulandmeaningfulsupportcomesfromworkingcollaboratively
tosupportstudentsandtheirfamilieswhenanincidentoccurs, andindevelopingtheoperational
protocolsthatimplementthebroadgoalsofapolicy.
Additionally, thisbroadstatementthatLEAsfailtorecognizethevalueofcommunityinputalso
ignoresthefactthatSFUSDemploysinternalexpertsthatbringexpertisefromcommunity6
organizations. Forexample, SFUSDemploysaschoolsocialworker (SSW) whoisaformer
boardmemberoftheAmericanFoundationforSuicidePreventionandamemberofthe
AmericanAssociationofSuicidology; anotherSSWwhoisanexpertinthefieldofFilipino
mentalhealth; andaSSWwhoisknownnationallyforworkwithLGBTQstudents.These
employeeswereongoingconsultantsandpresentersofthetrainingforthedistrict.
P. 22Table2)Pleaseprovideclarityinthereportaboutwhatelementismissingfromthe7
SFUSDtrainingprogram.Thecurrentreport’scontentmaybemisleadinginthatitimpliesthat
SFUSD’strainingfailedtoincludeinformationaboutsuicideriskfactorsorwarning
signs.Table2liststhe3recommendedelements (riskfactors, warningfactors, protective
factors) andindicateswitharedXthatSFUSDfailedto “discussallthreeelements.”Thereport
statesthat “alloftheLEAswereviewedlackedoneormoreoftheelements.”Butthereportis
vagueaboutpreciselywhatelementorelementsaremissingfromSFUSD’straining.
However, inthenarrativethereisasingularfocusonriskfactorsandwarningsigns.Thereport
explains that “These deficiencies may leave teachers and staff unprepared to identify and assist
studentsatriskofselfharmandsuicide.” Thereportalsostatesthat “Youthwhoare
contemplatingsuicidefrequentlyexhibitsignsoftheirdistress, andteacherandstafftrainedto
identifythesewarningsignsareinkeypositionstoobtainhelpandpreventsuicide
attempts.”\[Emphasisadded\].Theseconclusionsmaybemisleadingastheysuggestthatwhatis
missingfromtheLEAtrainingisinformationaboutriskfactorsandwarningsigns; andhighlight
thedangersofteachersfailingtorecognizeriskfactorsandwarningsigns.
TheSFUSDtrainingdoescoverthesetopics; thereforewerequestthatthereportdescribethe
specificfactorthatwasmissing (protectivefactors).SFUSDwilladdaslidetoitstrainingtolist
possibleprotectivefactors.However, theterm “protectivefactors” canbemisleadingashaving
thesefactorsdoesnot “protect” studentsfromsuicideattemptsordeaths.Severalsuicideshave
occurredinvolvingstudentswhodidhavesuch “protectivefactors.”
P. 25/26) Thereportbroadlyconcludesthat “twoLEAsdidnotconductthis \[suicide8
prevention\] trainingwithinthefirstthreemonthsofthebeginningoftheschoolyear.”SFUSD
has13middleschools, 15highschoolsand6countyschools.Theauditreviewedonecounty
schoolwithanenrollmentof73studentstosupportthebroadconclusionthattheLEAdoesnot
providetimelytraining.ForcharterschoolsorsmallerLEAstheselectionofoneschoolmay
providestatisticalsignificance; butitismisleadingtosuggestan “applestoapples” comparison
oftrainingpracticesatonechartertothoseatanentireLEAbasedonthereviewofone
school.Therefore, werequestthatthereportbemoretransparentthatitsconclusionsregarding
trainingarebasedonthereviewofoneoftheLEA’s34middle, highandcounty
schools.Currentlythereisonlyonesmall-printnotebelowFigure4thatacknowledgesthe
reviewwasbasedonreviewofoneschool.
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 88
Tfqufncfs!3131
P. 27) ThereportstatesthatSFUSDismissinganactionplanforoutofschoolsuicide
attempts.ThisdistinctionisconfusingastheSFUSDprotocolsforrespondingtostudentsuicide
attemptsdoapplyto “outofschool” attempts; andinfacttherehasneverbeenan “inschool”
suicideattempt.However, thedistrictwillclarifytheapplicabilityofitsprotocolsto “outof
school” suicideattemptsinitsAdministrativeRegulation.TheRegulationwillalsoincludea
singlepointofcontactregardingsuicidepreventionandresponse.
9P. 37)ThelastparagraphshouldreadSanFranciscoUnifiedHighSchoolWellnessInitiative,
whichincludes18wellnesscenters.
P. 53TableA, 5(a))ThisTableliststheAuditGoalsandMethodsUsedtoAddress
Them.Goal5(a) is “IdentifytheextenttowhicheachLEAandcharterschooltracksstudent
suicidesandattemptedsuicides.”Inthe “Method” columnthereportstatesthatnoneofthe
LEAs tracked aggregate suicide or self harm data.SFUSD does track suicide ideation, attempts,
andselfharmviatheCDCYouthRiskBehaviorSurvey.Thedistricttrackscompletedsuicides
inindividualstudentrecordsbecausestaffneedtoknowifastudenthasdiedbyanyreason,
especiallysuicide; butthisinformationisnotmaintainedinasearchabledatabase.
Thankyouforyourconsiderationofourcommentsandclarifications.
Sincerely,
AngelaMiller, Sr. DeputyGeneralCounsel
SanFranciscoUnifiedSchoolDistrict
89 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Cmbol!qbhf!jotfsufe!gps!sfqspevdujpo!qvsqptft!pomz/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 8:
Tfqufncfs!3131
Dpnnfout
DBMJGPSOJB!TUBUF!BVEJUPST!DPNNFOUT!PO!UIF!
SFTQPOTF!GSPN!TBO!GSBODJTDP!VOJGJFE
Up!qspwjef!dmbsjuz!boe!qfstqfdujwf-!xf!bsf!dpnnfoujoh!po!uif!
ovncfst!cfmpx!dpssftqpoe!up!uif!ovncfst!xf!qmbdfe!jo!uif!nbshjo!
2Evsjoh!uif!qvcmjdbujpo!qspdftt!gps!uif!bveju!sfqpsu-!qbhf!ovncfst!
qvcmjtife!bveju!sfqpsu/
3
qspwjeft!efqfoe!po!uif!ifbmui!qspgfttjpobmt!uifz!fnqmpz-!boe!nbz!
jodmvef!b!wbsjfuz!pg!qiztjdbm!boe!nfoubm!ifbmui!tfswjdft-!tvdi!bt!
nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf-!jnnvoj{bujpot-!tvctubodf!bcvtf!dpvotfmjoh-!
psbm!ifbmui!dbsf-!boe!ovusjujpo!fevdbujpo/!Bt!b!sftvmu-!gps!uif!
dbnqvt!
nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf!xf!eftdsjcf!uifn!bt!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst/!
4Evsjoh!uif!fejujoh!qspdftt!xf!sfwjtfe!tpnf!ufsnjopmphz!up!
dpotjtufoumz!nbudi!mbohvbhf!dpnnpomz!vtfe!xifo!ejtdvttjoh!zpvui!
5
ibsn/!Xf!
6
efnpotusbuf!uibu!ju!pcubjofe!gffecbdl!gspn!fyufsobm!tublfipmefst!
xifo!dpotusvdujoh!jut!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdz/!Opuxjuituboejoh!
jut!pohpjoh!dpmmbcpsbujpo!xjui!dpnnvojuz!pshboj{bujpot!boe!
uifjs!jowpmwfnfou!jo!jut!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh-!tubuf!mbx!boe!
Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz!jefoujgz!uif!hspvqt!uibu!MFBt!nvtu!ps!
tipvme!jowpmwf!xifo!efwfmpqjoh!uifjs!tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!qpmjdjft/
7
Cfdbvtf!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz!boe!cftu!qsbdujdft!dsfbufe!cz!
91 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!pshboj{bujpot!ep!opu!qsjpsjuj{f!pof!gbdups!
pwfs!bopuifs-!xf!dpotjefsfe!bmm!uisff!up!cf!dsvdjbm!fmfnfout!pg!bo!
8
tdippmt!nbz!ibwf!qspwjefe!beejujpobm!dpoufyu-!pvs!sfwjfx!jmmvtusbuft!
uibu!MFBt!uispvhipvu!uif!Tubuf!dbo!jnqspwf!uifjs!qspwjtjpo!pg!
tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!usbjojoh/!
9 Xf!sfwjtfe!uif!ufyu!up!npsf!dmfbsmz!joejdbuf!uibu!uif!ufsn!
bhhsfhbuf!tvjdjef!ps!tfmg.ibsn!ebub/!Xf!eje!opu!buufnqu!up!sfwjfx!
uibu!ju!epft!opu!bhhsfhbuf!tvdi!ebub!joup!b!tfbsdibcmf!ebubcbtf/!
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 92
Tfqufncfs!3131
A Joint Powers Authority
serving school and college
districts throughout the
state.
September3, 2020 SentViaE-Mail/U.S. Mail
5350 Skylane Boulevard aaronf@auditor.ca.govSantaRosa, CA 95403
Tel: (707) 524-2690 Ms. ElaineM. HowleFax: (707) 578-0517 CaliforniaStateAuditorsantarosa@sclscal.org
www.sclscal.org c/oAaronFellner, TeamLeader
General Counsel
Re: LocalEducationalAgenciesLacktheResourcesandPoliciesNecessaryCarlD. Corbin
ToEffectivelyAddressRisingRatesofYouthSuicideandSelf-HarmAttorneys
Monica D. Batanero
DearMs. Howle: Jennifer Henry
Nancy L. Klein
Damara L. Moore OnbehalfoftheUkiahUnifiedSchoolDistrict’s (“District”), IsubmittheJenniferE. Nix attachedresponsetotheabove-referencedDraftReport. Steven P. Reiner
Kaitlyn A. Schwendeman
Loren W. Soukup
Erin E. Stagg Sincerelyyours,
Of Counsel
Ellie R. Austin
Robert J. Henry NancyL. Klein, SeniorAssociateGeneralCounselPatrickC. Wilson
School & CollegeLegalServicesofCaliforniaFrankZotter, Jr.
Enc.
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups t!dpnnfout!cfhjo!po!qbhf!96/
93 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
UkiahUnifiedSchool District
ResponsetoDraftReport
Re: LocalEducationalAgenciesLacktheResourcesandPoliciesNecessary
toEffectively AddressRisingRatesofYouthSuicideandSelf-Harm
OnJune13, 2017, inresponsetotheenactmentofEducationCodesection215, effectiveJanuary
1, 2017, theDistrictadoptedBoardPolicyandAdministrativeRegulation5141.5.
AlthoughnotrequiredbySection215, asoriginallyenactedorassubsequentlyamendedin2019
1and2020, theDistricthasprovidedannualsuicidepreventiontrainingforstaff. Thetraining
2 includedidentificationofschool-basedmentalhealthservicesandhowtoreferstudentsforsuch
services.
Untilfall, 2020, theDistrictusedQPRtraining, whichtheCaliforniaDepartmentofEducation
CDE”) citesasatrainingresourceatpage6ofitsModelYouthSuicidePreventionPolicy.
2 ThespecificQPRtrainingmaterialsusedbytheDistrict, whichweresubmittedinthecourseof
theaudit, listNationalResourcenumbersandcrisislines. Afulllistoflocalcrisisresponse
3 resourcesisincludedintheDistrict’ssuicideinterventionprotocol, whichisdistributedtoall
districtcounselors, includingtheschoolsocial-emotionalcounselorswhosespecificduties
includeprovisionofschool-basedmentalhealthservices. Thecounselingstaffmaintainsnotes
throughoutastudent’senrollmentintheDistricttoensurethroughtheyearsthatstaff, as
appropriate, arekeptinformedofastudent’spriorhistoryofsocial-emotionalneeds.
IntheDistrict’sQPRtrainingmaterials, highriskgroupsarespecificallyaddressed, asareRisk4
Factors (e.g., mentalillness, substanceabuse, traumavictims, depression, alcohol, psychosisand
5 bipolardisorder, traumaandbullying) andwarningfactors, (e.g., introductiontowarningsigns,
signsofsuicide, directverbalclues, indirectverbalclues, behavioralcues, situationalcues, and
acutesuicidewarningsigns).
TheDistrictisintheprocessofreviewingCDE’smodelpolicy. Afterconsultingwith
communitystakeholders” throughtheDistrict’sHealthAdvisoryCommitteeandCounselors’
Network, districtadministrationplanstotakearevisedpolicytotheGoverningBoardforafirst
readinginNovember, 2020, andforafinalreadingandapprovalbyMarch, 2021.
6 TheDistrictprovidedsuicidepreventiontrainingthisfallforallstaff. TheDistricthasnever
limitedtrainingtoteachers. (Seef.n. 1 - Ed. Codesec. 215) Attherecommendationofthe
7 CaliforniaStateAuditor’steam, theDistrictdiscontinueduseofQPRtraining. TheDistrictis
reviewingitscurrentonlinetrainingtoensurethat, byJune, 2021, italignswiththe
recommendationsintheDraftReport.
1The policy shall address any training to be provided to teachers of pupils in grades 7to 12, inclusive, on suicide
awareness and prevention.” (Ed. Code sec. 215(a)(3)(A)) (Effective January 1, 2017 – December 31, 2019)
The policy shall address any training on suicide awareness and prevention to be provided to teachers of pupils in
all of the grades served by the local educational agency. (Ed. Code sec. 215(a)(4)(A)) (Effective January 1, 2020)
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 94
Tfqufncfs!3131
UkiahUnifiedSchool District
ResponsetoDraftReport
Re: LocalEducationalAgenciesLacktheResourcesandPoliciesNecessary
toEffectively AddressRisingRatesofYouthSuicideandSelf-Harm
8TheDistrictpostscontinuouslytohireschoolnursestonoavail. Despitedistrictefforts, no
applicanthasacceptedtheDistrict’sofferofemploymentsinceJuly1, 2018. TheDistrict
believestheinabilitytohireschoolnursesisduelargelytotheconsiderablyhighercompensation
9availableintheprivatesector. TheDistrictwouldwelcomethestateallocationoffundingfor
theemploymentofschoolnursesandotherprofessionalstaff.
Tomeetstudents’ needs, theDistricthasadistrict-wideCrisisResponseTeamthatrespondsto
suicidesandothersocial-emotionalcrisesthatoccurinandoutofschool. Inadditiontoschool
counselors and school psychologists, the District employs at all sites health technicians who
workdirectlywithstudents. TheDistrictalsoemploysatleastonebilingualFamilyand
CommunityLiaisonateachsiteandtwodistrict-wideFamilyCommunityLiaisonsforatotalof
13districtwide.
InresponsetotheDistrict’srequestforinformationregardingMHSAfunds, theCaliforniaState
Auditor’sOfficesharedtheMendocinoCountyMHSAthree-yearplan. Staffwillbereviewing
theplanandcontactingMendocinoCountyHealthandHumanServicesAgencytodetermineif
thereisan “applicationprocess” fortheDistricttoaccessMHSAfundsforschoolcounselors,
schoolnurses, schoolsocialworkers, andschoolpsychologists.
95 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
Cmbol!qbhf!jotfsufe!gps!sfqspevdujpo!qvsqptft!pomz/
Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236 96
Tfqufncfs!3131
Dpnnfout
DBMJGPSOJB!TUBUF!BVEJUPST!DPNNFOUT!PO!UIF!
SFTQPOTF!GSPN!VLJBI!VOJGJFE
Up!qspwjef!dmbsjuz!boe!qfstqfdujwf-!xf!bsf!dpnnfoujoh!po!uif!
cfmpx!dpssftqpoe!up!uif!ovncfst!xf!qmbdfe!jo!uif!nbshjo!pg!Vljbi!
2
opu!jodmvef!jogpsnbujpo!bcpvu!tdippm!ps!dpnnvojuz.cbtfe!nfoubm!
ifbmui!tfswjdft!boe!qspdfevsft!gps!sfgfssjoh!tuvefout!up!uifn-!
xijdi!jt!sfrvjsfe!cz!tubuf!mbx/!
3
eftdsjcft!epft!mjtu!dsjtjt!sftqpotf!sftpvsdft-!uibu!qspupdpm!jt!opu!
lopx!xibu!sftpvsdft!bsf!bwbjmbcmf!xifo!sftqpoejoh!up!b!tuvefou!
4
beesfttft!ijhi.
beejujpobm!epdvnfoubujpo!dpodfsojoh!uijt!tvckfdu!bgufs!ju!sfwjfxfe!
uif!esbgu!pg!uijt!sfqpsu/!Ipxfwfs-!uibu!epdvnfoubujpo!pomz!mjtut!
b!ovncfs!pg!ijhi.sjtl!hspvqt!boe!epft!opu!jodmvef!boz!gvsuifs!
sjtl!jo!uif!qpqvmbujpot!uibu!nptu!offe!ifmq/
5
epdvnfoubujpo!bgufs!ju!sfwjfxfe!uif!esbgu!pg!uijt!sfqpsu!boe!uif!
epdvnfoubujpo!ju!qspwjefe!up!vt!eftdsjcft!sjtl!gbdupst!boe!xbsojoh!
gbdupst-!cvu!ju!epft!opu!beesftt!qspufdujwf!gbdupst/!Pvs!bobmztjt!pg!
Cfdbvtf!Fevdbujpo t!npefm!qpmjdz!boe!cftu!qsbdujdft!dsfbufe!cz!
tvjdjef!qsfwfoujpo!pshboj{bujpot!ep!opu!qsjpsjuj{f!pof!gbdups!
pwfs!bopuifs-!xf!dpotjefsfe!bmm!uisff!up!cf!dsvdjbm!fmfnfout!pg!bo!
97 Dbmjgpsojb!Tubuf!Bvejups!Sfqpsu!312:.236
Tfqufncfs!3131
6
7
8
epft!opu!bddpvou!gps!puifs!nfuipet!gps!pcubjojoh!uifjs!tfswjdft/!
sfqpsu!eftdsjcjoh!ipx!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!jodsfbtf!zpvui!bddftt!
up!nfoubm!ifbmui!dbsf-!ipx!tdippm!ifbmui!dfoufst!bmmpx!tdippmt!
up!mfwfsbhf!bddftt!up!beejujpobm!gvoettvdi!bt!gfefsbm!Nfejdbje!
gvoetboe!ipx!puifs!foujujft!tvdi!bt!dpnnvojuz!ifbmui!dfoufst!
ps!mpdbm!ifbmui!efqbsunfout!nbz!fnqmpz!uif!ofdfttbsz!nfejdbm!
9
dpotvmubou!bu!Fevdbujpo-!tubuf!gvoet!gps!MFBt!bsf!opu!sftusjdufe!gps!
fmfnfout!nbz!cf!jodmvefe!jo!puifs!epdvnfout!boe!qspdfttft/!
Ipxfwfs-!xf!eje!opu!jefoujgz!boz!sfgfsfodft!up!uif!dsjtjt!sftqpotf!
dpvstf!pg!bdujpo!up!cf!ublfo!up!fotvsf!ujnfmz!sftqpotf!bgufs!b!efbui!